Analysis of monetary policy rules for South Africa
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University of Pretoria
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Besides the introduction and conclusion, this thesis is comprised of six independent chapters. In this thesis we provide an in-sample and out-of-sample assessment of how the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) sets its policy rate, post 2000 inflation targeting regime, in the context of both linear and nonlinear Taylor-type rule models of monetary policy.<p. Chapter 2 provides the theoretical foundations and the case study discussion. The literature has shown that the Taylor (1993) rule has gone through many modifications since the last decade of the 20th century. The modifications of the Taylor rule include interest rate smoothing, backward and forward looking versions, and nonlinear approximations. Furthermore, there has been increasing debate on whether central banks should respond to asset prices and financial variables. Despite some disagreements, economists seem to agree on the role of the financial market in determining inflation and economic performance. As far as South Africa is concerned, a stable financial system is one of the mandates of the central bank. Chapter 3 discusses the research methods used in the thesis. First, the chapter provides an overview on the Hodrick-Prescott Filter used to detrend some series. Second, more focus is oriented on a class of estimators, used in this thesis, called Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimators. GMM is important in that it can be applied to several estimation contexts besides the linear model. In fact, GMM can provide a simple alternative to other estimators, especially when it is difficult to write down the maximum likelihood estimator. Chapter 4 is aimed to provide the source of data, to show the transformation made to some of them and to explore the data for preliminary results. The Augmented Dickey- Fuller (ADF), Phillips-Perron (PP), GLS transformed Dickey-Fuller (DFGLS) and Kwiatkowski, et. Al. (KPSS) tests suggest that all the series follow a stationary process. The chapter also reveals that the financial conditions index measured as an equal weight average of its components yields a smallest AIC than other alternative suggested herein. Furthermore, the chapter shows that the models that consider coincident business cycle indicator, rather than industrial production, perform better in terms of goodness of fit. Given the controversial debate on whether central banks should target asset prices for economic stability, chapter 5 investigates whether the SARB pays close attention to asset and financial markets in their policy decisions. The main findings are that the SARB policy-makers pay close attention to the financial conditions index when setting interest rate. In the same chapter, it is also found that nonlinear Taylor rule improves its performance with the advent of the financial crisis, providing the best description of insample SARB interest rate setting behaviour. The 2007-2009 financial crisis witnesses an overall increased reaction to inflation and financial conditions. In addition, the financial crisis saw a shift from output stabilisation to inflation targeting and a shift, from a symmetric policy response to financial conditions, to a more asymmetric response depending on the state of the economy. Although one could have expected that the SARB’s response of monetary policy to output during the crisis to increase, the response has dropped significantly. These results show the concern over the high level of inflation observed during the second semester of 2008.<p. In chapter 6, we test the concept of Opportunistic Approach to monetary policy. The findings support the two features of the opportunistic approach. First, we find that the models that include an intermediate target that reflects the recent history of inflation rather than a simple inflation target improve the fit of the models. Second, the data supports the view that the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) behaves with some degree of non-responsiveness when inflation is within the zone of discretion but react aggressively otherwise. Recursive estimates from the preferred model reveal that overall there has been a subdued reaction to inflation, output and financial conditions amidst the increased economic uncertainty of the 2007-2009 financial crisis. Chapter 7 compares forecast performance of linear and nonlinear monetary policy rules estimated in the two previous chapters but rewritten in their backward looking versions. Recursive forecasts values are computed for 1- to 12-step ahead for the out-of-sample period 2006:01 to 2010:12. For the nonlinear models we use bootstrap method for multi-step ahead forecasts as opposed to point forecasts approach used for linear models. The aim is to evaluate the performance of three competing models in an out of-sample forecasting exercise. Overall ranking reveals the superiority of the nonlinear model that distinguishes between downward and upward movements in the business cycles in closely matching the historical record. As such, forecasting performance tests reveal that the SARB pays particular attention to business cycles movements when setting its policy rate.
Sepedi:
Ka ntle le matseno le mafetšo, thesese ye e bopilwe ka dikgaolo tše tshela tše di ikemego. Ka mo theseseng ye re fa tshekatsheko ya ka gare le ya ka ntle ga sampole mabapi le ka fao Panka ya Resefe ya Afrika Borwa (SARB) e beago kelo ya yona ya melawana, ka morago ga lebakanako la nepišo ya infoleišene la 2000, ka gare ga seemo sa bobedi sa mekgwa ya molawana wa mohuta wa Taylor wa melawana ya ditšhelete.<p. Kgaolo ya 2 e fa metheo ya teori le dikahlaahlo tša dinyakišišo ka ga seemo. Dinyakišišo di laeditše gore molawana wa Taylor (1993) o fetišitšwe gantši go tloga ka ngwagasome wo o fetilego wa ngwagakgolo wa bo 20. Diphetošo tša molawana wa Taylor di akaretša go letefatša kelo ya tswala, dikgatišo tša go bonagala di e ya morago le pele, le ditekanyo tša go se lekanele. Godimo ga fao, go bile le dingangišano tše di oketšegago ka ga ge eba dipanka tša bogareng di swanetše go arabela ditheko tša dithoto le diphapano tša ditšhelete. Ka ntle le go se kwane fao go itšego, bašomi ba tša ekonomi ba bonala ba dumelelana ka ga tema ya mmaraka wa ditšhelete go tseba go šoma ga infoleišene le ga ekonomi. Mabapi le Afrika Borwa, lenaneo la ditšhelete leo le sa tekatekego ke la thomelo ya panka ya bogareng. Kgaolo ya 3 e ahlaahla mekgwa ya dinyakišišo yeo e šomišwago ka gare ga thesese. Sa mathomo, kgaolo ye e fa kakaretšo ya Hodrick-Prescott Filter yeo e šomišwago go tloša tumo ya melokoloko ye mengwe. Sa bobedi, nepišo ye kgolo e lebeletše go legoro la diakanyi, leo le šomišwago ka mo theseseng ye, yeo e bitšwago diakanyi tša Ditiragalo tša Mokgwa wa Kakaretšo (GMM). GMM e bohlokwa ka gore e ka dirišwa go maemo a mmalwa a kakanyo ka ntle le mokgwa wa go lekanela. Gabotse, GMM e ka fa kgetho ye bonolo go dilekanyo tše dingwe, kudukudu ge go le boima go ngwala seakanyo sa godimodimo sa kgonagalo. Kgaolo ya 4 e ikemišeditše go fa mothopo wa tshedimošo, go bontšha phetogo ye e dirilwego go tše dingwe tša tšona le go lekola tshedimošo go hwetša dipoelo tša mathomong. Dickey-Fuller ye e Thekgilwego (ADF), Phillips-Perron (PP), Dickey-Fuller ya GLS ye e fetošitšwego(DFGLS) le Kwiatkowski, bjalobjalo. Diteko tša Al. (KPSS) di šišinya gore molokoloko ka moka o latela tshepedišo ye e emego felogotee. Kgaolo e utolla gape dipalopalo ka ga maemo a ditšhelete tšeo di etšwego bjalo ka kakaretšo ya boima bja go lekana ya dikarolo tša yona e tšweletša AIC ye nnyanenyane go feta dikgetho tše dingwe tše di šišintšwego ka gare. Godimo ga fao, kgaolo ye e laetša gore mekgwa ye e hlokometšego selaetši sa tikologo ya kgwebo, sebakeng sa tšweletšo ya ka intastering, e šoma bokaone mabapi le go loka ga tekano. Ka lebaka la ngangišano ye e sa rategego mabapi le ge eba dipanka tša bogareng di swanetše go nepiša ditheko go hlohleletša seemo sa go se tekateke sa ekonomi, kgaolo ya 5 e nyakišiša ge eba SARB e bea šedi ye kgolo go mebaraka ya dithoto le ya ditšhelete ka diphethong tša yona tša melawana. Dikutollo tše kgolo ke gore bahlami ba melawana ba SARB ba iše šedi ye kgolo go dipalopalo tša maemo a ditšhelete ge ba bea dikelo tša tswala. Ka go kgaolo yona yeo, go hwetšwa gore molawana wa Taylor wa mabapi le go selekanele o kaonafatša phethagatšo ya mošomo ge go na le mathata a ditšhelete, go realo e le go fa tlhalošo ye kaone ya maitshwaro ya go bea kelo ya tswala ya SARB ya ka gare ga sampole. Mathata a ditšhelete a 2007-2009 a bona phetolo ya kakaretšo yeo e oketšegilego go maemo a infoleišene le a ditšhelete. Godimo ga fao, mathata a ditšhelete a bone phetogelo go tšwa go go bea sekeng ga tšweletšo mabapi le nepišo ya infoleišene le phetogelo, go tloga go phetolo ya melawana ya go se lekanele go ya go maemo a ditšhelete, go ya go phetolo ye e sa lekanego kudu ka ga seemo sa ekonomi. Le ge e le gore motho a ka be a emetše gore phetolo ya SARB ya melawana ya ditšhelete ya tšweletšo ka nakong ya mathata gore e oketšege, phetolo e theogetše fase kudu. Dipoelo tše di laetša tlhobaboroko mabapi le maemo a godimo a infoleišene ao go itemogetšwego ona ka nakong ya karolongwaga ya bobedi ya 2008.<p. Ka go kgaolo ya 6, re leka kgopolo ya Mokgwa wa Dibaka go melawana ya ditšhelete. Dikutollo di thekga dikarolo tše pedi tša mokgwa wa dibaka. Sa mathomo, re hwetša gore mekgwa ye yeo e akaretšago nepišo ya ka pela yeo e nepišitšego histori ya infoleišene ye e sa tšwago go feta sebakeng sa nepišo ye bonolo ya infoleišene ye e kaonafatšago go swanela ga mekgwa. Sa bobedi, tshedimošo e thekga kgopolo ya gore Panka ya Resefe ya Afrika Borwa (SARB) e šoma ka legato la go se arabele ge infoleišene e le ka gare ga lefelwana leo e beilwego go lona eupša e arabela ka maatla ge seemo seo se fetoga. Dikakanyo tša tokollo go tšwa go mokgwa wo o ratwago di utolla gore go bile le phetolo ye e atlegilego go infoleišene, go tšweletšo le go maemo a ditšhelete ka lebaka la koketšego ya seemo sa ekonomi sa mathata a ditšhelete a 2007-2009. Kgaolo ya 7 e bapetša mošomo wa kakanyetšo wa melao ya ditšhelete ya go lekanela le ya go se lekanele yeo e šišintšwego ka go dikgaolo tše pedi tše di fetilego eupša ya ngwalwa leswa ka go dikgatišo tše di lebeletšego morago. Boleng bja dikakanyetšo tša tokollo bo šongwa khomphutheng go kgato ya 1- go fihla go 12 pele ga ya lebakanako la ka ntle ga sampole la 2006:01 go fihla ka 2010:12. Go mekgwa ya go se lekanele re šomiša mokgwa wa kago ya bohlatse wa dikgato tše ntši pele ga dikakanyo ka ge go thulana le mokgwa wa kakanyo wo o šomišwago go mekgwa ya tekanelo. Maikemišetšo ke go sekaseka go šoma ga mekgwa ye meraro ye e phadišanago ka go mošomo wa ka ntle ga sampole. Peo ya magato ka kakaretšo e utolla bogolo bja mokgwa wo o sego wa lekanela wo o farologanyago magareng ga mesepelo ya go ya fase le godimo ka ditikologong tša kgwebo go nyalelanya kgauswi pego ya histori. Ka go realo, diteko tša go šoma ga kakanyetšo di utolla gore SARB e fa šedi ye itšego go mesepelo ya ditikologo tša dikgwebo ge e bea kelo ya yona ya melawana.
Afrikaans:
Benewens die inleiding en gevolgtrekking, bestaan hierdie proefskrif uit ses onafhanklike hoofstukke. In hierdie proefskrif bied ons 'n binnesteekproef en buitesteekproef assessering van hoe die Suid-Afrikaanse Reserwebank (SARB) sy beleidskoers, ná 2000 se inflasieteikenregime, vasstel in die konteks van beide lineêre en nielineêre Taylor-tipe reëlmodelle van monetêre beleid. Hoofstuk 2 verskaf die teoretiese grondslae en die gevallestudiebespreking. Die literatuur het getoon dat die Taylor-reël (1993) sedert die laaste dekade van die 20ste eeu baie wysigings ondergaan het. Die wysigings van die Taylor-reël sluit in rentekoers-gladmaking, terugwaartse en vooruitkykende weergawes, en nielineêre benaderings. Verder was daar toenemende debat oor die vraag of sentrale banke op batepryse en finansiële veranderlikes moet reageer. Ten spyte van sommige meningsverskille, lyk dit asof ekonome saamstem oor die rol van die finansiële mark in die bepaling van inflasie en ekonomiese prestasie. Wat Suid-Afrika betref, is 'n stabiele finansiële stelsel een van die mandate van die sentrale bank. Hoofstuk 3 bespreek die navorsingsmetodes wat in die proefskrif gebruik word. Eerstens bied die hoofstuk 'n oorsig van die Hodrick-Prescott-filter wat gebruik word om sommige reekse te onttrek. Tweedens word meer gefokus op 'n klas beramers, wat in hierdie proefskrif gebruik word, genaamd algemene-metode-van-momente- (AMM-)beramers. AMM is belangrik omdat dit op verskeie beramingskontekste toegepas kan word, benewens die lineêre model. Trouens, AMM kan 'n eenvoudige alternatief vir ander beramers bied, veral wanneer dit moeilik is om die maksimum waarskynlikheidsberamer neer te skryf. Hoofstuk 4 is daarop gemik om die bron van data te verskaf, die transformasie wat aan sommige van hulle gemaak is te wys en die data vir voorlopige resultate te ondersoek. Die Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF), Phillips-Perron (PP), GLS-getransformeerde Dickey-Fuller (DFGLS) en Kwiatkowski, et. Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin- (KPSS-)toetse dui daarop dat al die reekse 'n stasionêre proses volg. Die hoofstuk toon ook dat die finansiële toestande-indeks, gemeet as 'n gelyke gewigsgemiddelde van sy komponente, 'n kleinste AIC lewer as ander alternatiewe wat hierin voorgestel word. Verder toon die hoofstuk dat die modelle wat samevallende sakesiklusaanwysers in ag neem, eerder as industriële produksie, beter presteer in terme van pasbaarheid. Gegewe die kontroversiële debat oor of sentrale banke batepryse vir ekonomiese stabiliteit moet teiken, ondersoek hoofstuk 5 of die SARB noukeurig aandag gee aan bate- en finansiële markte in hul beleidsbesluite. Die belangrikste bevindinge is dat die SARB-beleidmakers noukeurig aandag gee aan die finansiële toestande-indeks wanneer hulle rentekoerse vasstel. In dieselfde hoofstuk word ook bevind dat die nielineêre Taylor-reël sy prestasie verbeter met die aanbreek van die finansiële krisis, wat die beste beskrywing van SARB-rentekoersbepalingsgedrag binne die steekproef bied. Die finansiële krisis van 2007–2009 toon 'n algehele verhoogde reaksie op inflasie en finansiële toestande. Boonop het die finansiële krisis 'n verskuiwing gesien van produksiestabilisering na inflasieteikenstelling en 'n verskuiwing van 'n simmetriese beleidsreaksie op finansiële toestande na 'n meer asimmetriese reaksie, afhangende van die toestand van die ekonomie. Alhoewel 'n mens kon verwag het dat die SARB se reaksie van monetêre beleid op produksie tydens die krisis sou toeneem, het die reaksie aansienlik gedaal. Hierdie resultate toon die kommer oor die hoë vlak van inflasie wat gedurende die tweede semester van 2008 waargeneem is. In hoofstuk 6 toets ons die konsep van die opportunistiese benadering tot monetêre beleid. Die bevindinge ondersteun die twee kenmerke van die opportunistiese benadering. Eerstens vind ons dat die modelle wat 'n intermediêre teiken insluit wat die onlangse geskiedenis van inflasie weerspieël eerder as 'n eenvoudige inflasieteiken, die passing van die modelle verbeter. Tweedens, die data ondersteun die siening dat die Suid-Afrikaanse Reserwebank (SARB) sonder veel reaksie optree wanneer inflasie binne die sone van diskresie is, maar andersins aggressief reageer. Rekursiewe ramings van die voorkeurmodel toon dat daar oor die algemeen 'n gedempte reaksie op inflasie, produksie en finansiële toestande was te midde van die verhoogde ekonomiese onsekerheid van die 2007–2009 finansiële krisis. Hoofstuk 7 vergelyk die voorspellingsprestasie van lineêre en nielineêre monetêre beleidsreëls wat in die twee vorige hoofstukke geraam is, maar in hul terugkykende weergawes herskryf is. Rekursiewe voorspellingswaardes word bereken vir 1- tot 12-stap vooruit vir die buitesteekproefperiode van Januarie 2006 tot Desember 2010. Vir die nielineêre modelle gebruik ons die bootstrap-metode vir multi-stap vooruit voorspellings in teenstelling met die puntvoorspellingsbenadering wat vir lineêre modelle gebruik word. Die doel is om die prestasie van drie mededingende modelle in 'n buitesteekproefvoorspellingsoefening te evalueer. Die algehele ranglys toon die superioriteit van die nielineêre model wat onderskei tussen afwaartse en opwaartse bewegings in die sakesiklusse deur noukeurig by die historiese rekord aan te sluit. As sodanig toon voorspellingsprestasietoetse dat die SARB besondere aandag gee aan sakesiklusbewegings wanneer sy beleidskoers vasgestel word.
Description
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Keywords
Monetary policy rules, South African Reserve Bank (SARB), UCTD
Sustainable Development Goals
Citation
Kasai, N 2011, Analysis of monetary policy rules for South Africa, PhD thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28695 >
