Waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis on the KwaZulu-Natal Coast, South Africa, December 2016/January 2017

dc.contributor.authorSekwadi, P.G.
dc.contributor.authorRavhuhali, K.G.
dc.contributor.authorMosam, A.
dc.contributor.authorEssel, V.
dc.contributor.authorNtshoe, Genevie M.
dc.contributor.authorRakgantso, A.M.
dc.contributor.authorMcCarthy, K.
dc.contributor.authorMans, Janet
dc.contributor.authorTaylor, Maureen B.
dc.contributor.authorPage, Nicola Anne
dc.contributor.authorGovender, N.
dc.date.accessioned2018-06-22T08:14:50Z
dc.date.issued2018-07
dc.description.abstractAn unexpected increase in gastroenteritis cases was reported by healthcare workers on the KwaZulu-Natal Coast, South Africa, January 2017 with >600 cases seen over a 3-week period. A case–control study was conducted to identify the source and risk factors associated with the outbreak so as to recommend control and prevention measures. Record review identified cases and controls and structured-telephonic interviews were conducted to obtain exposure history. Stool specimens were collected from 20 cases along with environmental samples and both screened for enteric pathogens. A total of 126 cases and 62 controls were included in the analysis. The odds of developing gastroenteritis were 6.0 times greater among holiday makers than residents (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.0–17.7). Swimming in the lagoon increased the odds of developing gastroenteritis by 3.3 times (95% CI 1.06–10.38). Lagoon water samples tested positive for norovirus (NoV) GI.6, GII.3 and GII.6, astrovirus and rotavirus. Eleven (55%) stool specimens were positive for NoV with eight genotyped as GI.1 (n = 2), GI.5 (n = 3), GI.6 (n = 2), and GI.7 (n = 1). A reported sewage contamination event impacting the lagoon was the likely source with person-to-person spread perpetuating the outbreak. Restriction to swimming in the lagoon was apparently ineffective at preventing the outbreak, possibly due to inadequate enforcement, communication and signage strategies.en_ZA
dc.description.departmentMedical Virologyen_ZA
dc.description.embargo2019-01-01
dc.description.librarianhj2018en_ZA
dc.description.urihttps://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infectionen_ZA
dc.identifier.citationSekwadi, P.G., Ravhuhali, K.G., Mosam, A. 2018, 'Waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis on the KwaZulu-Natal Coast, South Africa, December 2016/January 2017', Epidemiology and Infection, vol. 146, no. 10, pp. 1318-1325.en_ZA
dc.identifier.issn0950-2688 (print)
dc.identifier.issn1469-4409 (online)
dc.identifier.other10.1017/S095026881800122X
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/2263/65218
dc.language.isoenen_ZA
dc.publisherCambridge University Pressen_ZA
dc.rights© Cambridge University Press 2018en_ZA
dc.subjectGastroenteritisen_ZA
dc.subjectKwaZulu-Natal coast, South Africaen_ZA
dc.subjectRecreational wateren_ZA
dc.subjectLagoonen_ZA
dc.subjectWaterborneen_ZA
dc.subjectNorovirusen_ZA
dc.subjectDiarrhoeaen_ZA
dc.titleWaterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis on the KwaZulu-Natal Coast, South Africa, December 2016/January 2017en_ZA
dc.typePostprint Articleen_ZA

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