Gravitational test beyond the first post-newtonian order with the shadow of the M87 black hole

dc.contributor.authorPsaltis, Dimitrios
dc.contributor.authorMedeiros, Lia
dc.contributor.authorChristian, Pierre
dc.contributor.authorOzel, Feryal
dc.contributor.authorAkiyama, Kazunori
dc.contributor.authorAlberdi, Antxon
dc.contributor.authorAlef, Walter
dc.contributor.authorAsada, Keiichi
dc.contributor.authorAzulay, Rebecca
dc.contributor.authorBall, David
dc.contributor.authorBalokovic, Mislav
dc.contributor.authorBarrett, John
dc.contributor.authorBintley, Dan
dc.contributor.authorBlackburn, Lindy
dc.contributor.authorBoland, Wilfred
dc.contributor.authorBower, Geoffrey C.
dc.contributor.authorBremer, Michael
dc.contributor.authorBrinkerink, Christiaan D.
dc.contributor.authorBrissenden, Roger
dc.contributor.authorBritzen, Silke
dc.contributor.authorBroguiere, Dominique
dc.contributor.authorBronzwaer, Thomas
dc.contributor.authorByun, Do-Young
dc.contributor.authorCarlstrom, John E.
dc.contributor.authorChael, Andrew
dc.contributor.authorChan, Chi-kwan
dc.contributor.authorChatterjee, Shami
dc.contributor.authorChatterjee, Koushik
dc.contributor.authorChen, Ming-Tang
dc.contributor.authorChen, Yongjun
dc.contributor.authorCho, Ilje
dc.contributor.authorConway, John E.
dc.contributor.authorCordes, James M.
dc.contributor.authorCrew, Geoffrey B.
dc.contributor.authorCui, Yuzhu
dc.contributor.authorDavelaar, Jordy
dc.contributor.authorDe Laurentis, Mariafelicia
dc.contributor.authorDeane, Roger
dc.contributor.authorDempsey, Jessica
dc.contributor.authorDesvignes, Gregory
dc.contributor.authorDexter, Jason
dc.contributor.authorEatough, Ralph P.
dc.contributor.authorFalcke, Heino
dc.contributor.authorFish, Vincent L.
dc.contributor.authorFomalont, Ed
dc.contributor.authorFraga-Encinas, Raquel
dc.contributor.authorFriberg, Per
dc.contributor.authorFromm, Christian M.
dc.contributor.authorGammie, Charles F.
dc.contributor.authorGarcía, Roberto
dc.contributor.authorGentaz, Olivier
dc.contributor.authorGoddi, Ciriaco
dc.contributor.authorGomez, Jose L.
dc.contributor.authorGu, Minfeng
dc.contributor.authorGurwell, Mark
dc.contributor.authorHada, Kazuhiro
dc.contributor.authorHesper, Ronald
dc.contributor.authorHo, Luis C.
dc.contributor.authorHo, Paul
dc.contributor.authorHonma, Mareki
dc.contributor.authorHuang, Chih-Wei L.
dc.contributor.authorHuang, Lei
dc.contributor.authorHughes, David H.
dc.contributor.authorInoue, Makoto
dc.contributor.authorIssaoun, Sara
dc.contributor.authorJames, David J.
dc.contributor.authorJannuzi, Buell T.
dc.contributor.authorJanssen, Michael
dc.contributor.authorJiang, Wu
dc.contributor.authorJimenez-Rosales, Alejandra
dc.contributor.authorJohnson, Michael D.
dc.contributor.authorJorstad, Svetlana
dc.contributor.authorJung, Taehyun
dc.contributor.authorKarami, Mansour
dc.contributor.authorKaruppusamy, Ramesh
dc.contributor.authorKawashima, Tomohisa
dc.contributor.authorKeating, Garrett K.
dc.contributor.authorKettenis, Mark
dc.contributor.authorKim, Jae-Young
dc.contributor.authorKim, Junhan
dc.contributor.authorKim, Jongsoo
dc.contributor.authorKino, Motoki
dc.contributor.authorKoay, Jun Yi
dc.contributor.authorKoch, Patrick M.
dc.contributor.authorKoyama, Shoko
dc.contributor.authorKramer, Michael
dc.contributor.authorKramer, Carsten
dc.contributor.authorKrichbaum, Thomas P.
dc.contributor.authorKuo, Cheng-Yu
dc.contributor.authorLauer, Tod R.
dc.contributor.authorLee, Sang-Sung
dc.contributor.authorLi, Yan-Rong
dc.contributor.authorLi, Zhiyuan
dc.contributor.authorLindqvist, Michael
dc.contributor.authorLico, Rocco
dc.contributor.authorLiu, Jun
dc.contributor.authorLiu, Kuo
dc.contributor.authorLiuzzo, Elisabetta
dc.contributor.authorLo, Wen-Ping
dc.contributor.authorLobanov, Andrei P.
dc.contributor.authorLonsdale, Colin
dc.contributor.authorLu, Ru-Sen
dc.contributor.authorMao, Jirong
dc.contributor.authorMarkoff, Sera
dc.contributor.authorMarrone, Daniel P.
dc.contributor.authorMarscher, Alan P.
dc.contributor.authorMarti-Vidal, Ivan
dc.contributor.authorMatsushita, Satoki
dc.contributor.authorMizuno, Yosuke
dc.contributor.authorMizuno, Izumi
dc.contributor.authorMoran, James M.
dc.contributor.authorMoriyama, Kotaro
dc.contributor.authorMoscibrodzka, Monika
dc.contributor.authorMuller, Cornelia
dc.contributor.authorMusoke, Gibwa
dc.contributor.authorMus Mejias, Alejandro
dc.contributor.authorNagai, Hiroshi
dc.contributor.authorNagar, Neil M.
dc.contributor.authorNarayan, Ramesh
dc.contributor.authorNarayanan, Gopal
dc.contributor.authorNatarajan, Iniyan
dc.contributor.authorNeri, Roberto
dc.contributor.authorNoutsos, Aristeidis
dc.contributor.authorOkino, Hiroki
dc.contributor.authorOlivares, Hector
dc.contributor.authorOyama, Tomoaki
dc.contributor.authorPalumbo, Daniel C.M.
dc.contributor.authorPark, Jongho
dc.contributor.authorPatel, Nimesh
dc.contributor.authorPen, Ue-Li
dc.contributor.authorPietu, Vincent
dc.contributor.authorPlambeck, Richard
dc.contributor.authorPopStefanija, Aleksandar
dc.contributor.authorPrather, Ben
dc.contributor.authorPreciado-Lopez, Jorge A.
dc.contributor.authorRamakrishnan, Venkatessh
dc.contributor.authorRao, Ramprasad
dc.contributor.authorRawlings, Mark G.
dc.contributor.authorRaymond, Alexander W.
dc.contributor.authorRipperda, Bart
dc.contributor.authorRoelofs, Freek
dc.contributor.authorRogers, Alan
dc.contributor.authorRos, Eduardo
dc.contributor.authorRose, Mel
dc.contributor.authorRoshanineshat, Arash
dc.contributor.authorRottmann, Helge
dc.contributor.authorRoy, Alan L.
dc.contributor.authorRuszczyk, Chet
dc.contributor.authorRyan, Benjamin R.
dc.contributor.authorRygl, Kazi L.J.
dc.contributor.authorSanchez, Salvador
dc.contributor.authorSanchez-Arguelles, David
dc.contributor.authorSasada, Mahito
dc.contributor.authorSavolainen, Tuomas
dc.contributor.authorSchloerb, F. Peter
dc.contributor.authorSchuster, Karl-Friedrich
dc.contributor.authorShao, Lijing
dc.contributor.authorShen, Zhiqiang
dc.contributor.authorSmall, Des
dc.contributor.authorSohn, Bong Won
dc.contributor.authorSooHoo, Jason
dc.contributor.authorTazaki, Fumie
dc.contributor.authorTilanus, Remo P.J.
dc.contributor.authorTitus, Michael
dc.contributor.authorTorne, Pablo
dc.contributor.authorTrent, Tyler
dc.contributor.authorTraianou, Efthalia
dc.contributor.authorTrippe, Sascha
dc.contributor.authorVan Bemmel, Ilse
dc.contributor.authorVan Langevelde, Huib Jan
dc.contributor.authorVan Rossum, Daniel R.
dc.contributor.authorWagner, Jan
dc.contributor.authorWardle, John
dc.contributor.authorWard-Thompson, Derek
dc.contributor.authorWeintroub, Jonathan
dc.contributor.authorWex, Norbert
dc.contributor.authorWharton, Robert
dc.contributor.authorWielgus, Maciek
dc.contributor.authorWong, George N.
dc.contributor.authorWu, Qingwen
dc.contributor.authorYoon, Doosoo
dc.contributor.authorYoung, Andre
dc.contributor.authorYounsi, Ziri
dc.contributor.authorYuan, Feng
dc.contributor.authorYuan, Ye-Fei
dc.contributor.authorZhao, Shan-Shan
dc.date.accessioned2021-12-09T08:34:34Z
dc.date.available2021-12-09T08:34:34Z
dc.date.issued2020-10-01
dc.description.abstractThe 2017 Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations of the central source in M87 have led to the first measurement of the size of a black-hole shadow. This observation offers a new and clean gravitational test of the black-hole metric in the strong-field regime. We show analytically that spacetimes that deviate from the Kerr metric but satisfy weak-field tests can lead to large deviations in the predicted black-hole shadows that are inconsistent with even the current EHT measurements. We use numerical calculations of regular, parametric, non-Kerr metrics to identify the common characteristic among these different parametrizations that control the predicted shadow size. We show that the shadow-size measurements place significant constraints on deviation parameters that control the second post-Newtonian and higher orders of each metric and are, therefore, inaccessible to weak-field tests. The new constraints are complementary to those imposed by observations of gravitational waves from stellar-mass sources.en_ZA
dc.description.departmentPhysicsen_ZA
dc.description.librarianam2021en_ZA
dc.description.sponsorshipThe authors of the present paper thank the following organizations and programs: the Academy of Finland (Projects No. 274477, No. 284495, No. 312496); the Advanced European Network of E-infrastructures for Astronomy with the SKA (AENEAS) project, supported by the European Commission Framework Programme Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation action under Grant Agreement No. 731016; the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung; the Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, through a grant (No. 60477) from the John Templeton Foundation; the China Scholarship Council; Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CONICYT, Chile, via PIA ACT172033, Fondecyt Projects No. 1171506 and No. 3190878, BASAL AFB-170002, ALMA-conicyt 31140007); Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT, Mexico, Projects No. 104497, No. 275201, No. 279006, No. 281692); the Delaney Family via the Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair at Perimeter Institute; Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Acad´emico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de M´exico (DGAPA-UNAM, project IN112417); the European Research Council Synergy Grant “BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes” (Grant No. 610058); the Generalitat Valenciana postdoctoral grant APOSTD/2018/177 and GenT Program (project CIDEGENT/2018/021); the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (Grants No. GBMF-3561, No. GBMF-5278); the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Napoli, iniziative specifiche TEONGRAV; the International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the Universities of Bonn and Cologne; the Jansky Fellowship program of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); the Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho:MEXT) Scholarship; the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant-in- Aid for JSPS Research Fellowship (JP17J08829); the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS, Grants No. QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057, No. QYZDJSSW-SYS008, No. ZDBS-LY-SLH011); the Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship; the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG); the Max Planck Partner Group of the MPG and the CAS; the MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI (Grants No. 18KK0090, No. JP18K13594, No. JP18K03656, No. JP18H03721, No. 18K03709, No. 18H01245, No. 25120007); the MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds; the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan (105-2112-M-001-025-MY3, 106-2112-M-001-011, 106- 2119-M-001-027, 107-2119-M-001-017, 107-2119-M- 001-020, and 107-2119-M-110-005); the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, Fermi Guest Investigator Grant No. 80NSSC17K0649 and Hubble Fellowship Grant No. HST-HF2-51431.001-A awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA, under Contract No. NAS5- 26555); the National Institute of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan; the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grants No. 2016YFA0400704, No. 2016YFA0400702); the National Science Foundation (NSF, Grants No. AST-0096454, No. AST- 0352953, No. AST-0521233, No. AST-0705062, No. AST- 0905844, No. AST-0922984, No. AST-1126433, No. AST- 1140030, No. DGE-1144085, No. AST-1207704, No. AST-1207730, No. AST-1207752, No. MRIPHYSICAL 1228509, No. OPP-1248097, No. AST-1310896, No. AST- 1312651, No. AST-1337663, No. AST-1440254, No. AST- 1555365, No. AST-1715061, No. AST-1615796, No. AST- 1716327, No. OISE-1743747, No. AST-1816420); the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants No. 11573051, No. 11633006, No. 11650110427, No. 10625314, No. 11721303, No. 11725312, No. 11933007); the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC, including a Discovery Grant and the NSERC Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarships-Doctoral Program); the National Youth Thousand Talents Program of China; the National Research Foundation of Korea (the Global PhD Fellowship Grant: Grants No. NRF- 2015H1A2A1033752, No. 2015-R1D1A1A01056807, the Korea Research Fellowship Program: NRF- 2015H1D3A1066561); the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) VICI award (Grant No. 639.043.513) and Spinoza Prize SPI 78-409; the New Scientific Frontiers with Precision Radio Interferometry Fellowship awarded by the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO), which is a facility of the National Research Foundation (NRF), an agency of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) of South Africa; the Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) national infrastructure, for the provisioning of its facilities/observational support (OSO receives funding through the Swedish Research Council under Grant No. 2017-00648) the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (research at Perimeter Institute is supported by the Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development and by the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science); the Russian Science Foundation (Grant No. 17-12-01029); the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Grants No. AYA2015- 63939-C2-1-P, No. AYA2016-80889-P, No. PID2019- 108995GB-C21); the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the “Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa” award for the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709); the Toray Science Foundation; the Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad of the Junta de Andalucía (Grant No. P18- FR-1769), the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (Grant No. 2019AEP112); the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) through the Los Alamos National Laboratory [operated by Triad National Security, LLC, for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the U.S. DOE (Contract No. 89233218CNA000001)]; the Italian Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Universit`a e della Ricerca through the grant Progetti Premiali 2012- iALMA (CUP C52I13000140001); the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No. 730562 RadioNet; ALMA North America Development Fund; the Academia Sinica; Chandra TM6-17006X; the GenT Program (Generalitat Valenciana) Project CIDEGENT/2018/021. This work used the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE), supported by NSF Grant No. ACI-1548562, and CyVerse, supported by NSF Grants No. DBI-0735191, No. DBI-1265383, and No. DBI-1743442. We thank the staff at the participating observatories, correlation centers, and institutions for their enthusiastic support. ALMA is a partnership of the European Southern Observatory (ESO; Europe, representing its member states), NSF, and National Institutes of Natural Sciences of Japan, together with National Research Council (Canada), Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST; Taiwan), Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics (ASIAA; Taiwan), and Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI; Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, Associated Universities, Inc. (AUI)/NRAO, and the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ). The NRAO is a facility of the NSF operated under cooperative agreement by AUI. APEX is a collaboration between the Max-Planck-Institut fur Radioastronomie (Germany), ESO, and the Onsala Space Observatory (Sweden). The SMA is a joint project between the SAO and ASIAA and is funded by the Smithsonian Institution and the Academia Sinica. The JCMT is operated by the East Asian Observatory on behalf of the NAOJ, ASIAA, and KASI, as well as the Ministry of Finance of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the National Key R&D Program (No. 2017YFA0402700) of China. Additional funding support for the JCMT is provided by the Science and Technologies Facility Council (UK) and participating universities in the UK and Canada. The LMT is a project operated by the Instituto Nacional de Astrofisica, Optica, y Electronica (Mexico) and the University of Massachusetts at Amherst (USA). The IRAM 30-m telescope on Pico Veleta, Spain, is operated by IRAM and supported by CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France), MPG (Max-Planck- Gesellschaft, Germany) and IGN (Instituto Geográfico Nacional, Spain). The SMT is operated by the Arizona Radio Observatory, a part of the Steward Observatory of the University of Arizona, with financial support of operations from the State of Arizona and financial support for instrumentation development from the NSF. The SPT is supported by the National Science Foundation through Grant No. PLR-1248097. Partial support is also provided by the NSF Physics Frontier Center Grant No. PHY- 1125897 to the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, the Kavli Foundation and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation Grant No. GBMF 947. The SPT hydrogen maser was provided on loan from the GLT, courtesy of ASIAA. The EHTC has received generous donations of FPGA chips from Xilinx Inc., under the Xilinx University Program. The EHTC has benefited from technology shared under open-source license by the Collaboration for Astronomy Signal Processing and Electronics Research (CASPER). The EHT project is grateful to T4Science and Microsemi for their assistance with hydrogen masers. This research has made use of NASA’s Astrophysics Data System. We gratefully acknowledge the support provided by the extended staff of the ALMA, both from the inception of the ALMA Phasing Project through the observational campaigns of 2017 and 2018. We would like to thank A. Deller and W. Brisken for EHT-specific support with the use of DiFX. We acknowledge the significance that Maunakea, where the SMA and JCMT EHT stations are located, has for the indigenous Hawaiian people.en_ZA
dc.description.urihttp://prl.aps.orgen_ZA
dc.identifier.citationPsaltis, D, Medeiros, L & Christian, P 2020, 'Gravitational test beyond the first post-newtonian order with the shadow of the M87 black hole', Physical Review Letters, vol. 125, art. 141104, pp. 1-9.en_ZA
dc.identifier.issn0031-9007 (print)
dc.identifier.issn1079-7114 (online)
dc.identifier.other10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.141104
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/2263/83007
dc.language.isoenen_ZA
dc.publisherAmerican Physical Societyen_ZA
dc.rights© 2020 American Physical Societyen_ZA
dc.subjectEvent Horizon Telescope (EHT)en_ZA
dc.subjectM87en_ZA
dc.subjectGravitational wavesen_ZA
dc.subjectStellar-mass sourcesen_ZA
dc.titleGravitational test beyond the first post-newtonian order with the shadow of the M87 black holeen_ZA
dc.typeArticleen_ZA

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