Comparison of polarized radiative transfer codes used by the EHT collaboration

dc.contributor.authorPrather, Ben S.
dc.contributor.authorDexter, Jason
dc.contributor.authorMoscibrodzka, Monika
dc.contributor.authorPu, Hung-Yi
dc.contributor.authorBronzwaer, Thomas
dc.contributor.authorDavelaar, Jordy
dc.contributor.authorYounsi, Ziri
dc.contributor.authorGammie, Charles F.
dc.contributor.authorGold, Roman
dc.contributor.authorWong, George N.
dc.contributor.authorAkiyama, Kazunori
dc.contributor.authorAlberdi, Antxon
dc.contributor.authorAlef, Walter
dc.contributor.authorAlgaba, Juan Carlos
dc.contributor.authorAnantua, Richard
dc.contributor.authorAsada, Keiichi
dc.contributor.authorAzulay, Rebecca
dc.contributor.authorBach, Uwe
dc.contributor.authorBaczko, Anne-Kathrin
dc.contributor.authorBall, David
dc.contributor.authorBalokovic, Mislav
dc.contributor.authorBarrett, John
dc.contributor.authorBaubock, Michi
dc.contributor.authorBenson, Bradford A.
dc.contributor.authorBintley, Dan
dc.contributor.authorBlackburn, Lindy
dc.contributor.authorBlundell, Raymond
dc.contributor.authorBouman, Katherine L.
dc.contributor.authorBower, Geoffrey C.
dc.contributor.authorBoyce, Hope
dc.contributor.authorBremer, Michael
dc.contributor.authorBrinkerink, Christiaan D.
dc.contributor.authorBrissenden, Roger
dc.contributor.authorBritzen, Silke
dc.contributor.authorBroderick, Avery E.
dc.contributor.authorBroguiere, Dominique
dc.contributor.authorBustamante, Sandra
dc.contributor.authorByun, Do-Young
dc.contributor.authorCarlstrom, John E.
dc.contributor.authorCeccobello, Chiara
dc.contributor.authorChael, Andrew
dc.contributor.authorChan, Chi-kwan
dc.contributor.authorChang, Dominic O.
dc.contributor.authorChatterjee, Koushik
dc.contributor.authorChatterjee, Shami
dc.contributor.authorChen, Ming-Tang
dc.contributor.authorChen (陈永军), Yongjun
dc.contributor.authorCheng, Xiaopeng
dc.contributor.authorCho, Ilje
dc.contributor.authorChristian, Pierre
dc.contributor.authorConroy, Nicholas S.
dc.contributor.authorConway, John E.
dc.contributor.authorCordes, James M.
dc.contributor.authorCrawford, Thomas M.
dc.contributor.authorCrew, Geoffrey B.
dc.contributor.authorCruz-Osorio, Alejandro
dc.contributor.authorCui, Yuzhu
dc.contributor.authorDe Laurentis, Mariafelicia
dc.contributor.authorDeane, Roger
dc.contributor.authorDempsey, Jessica
dc.contributor.authorDesvignes, Gregory
dc.contributor.authorDhruv, Vedant
dc.contributor.authorDoeleman, Sheperd S.
dc.contributor.authorDougal, Sean
dc.contributor.authorDzib, Sergio A.
dc.contributor.authorEatough, Ralph P.
dc.contributor.authorEmami, Razieh
dc.contributor.authorFalcke, Heino
dc.contributor.authorFarah, Joseph
dc.contributor.authorFish, Vincent L.
dc.contributor.authorFomalont, Ed
dc.contributor.authorFord, H. Alyson
dc.contributor.authorFraga-Encinas, Raquel
dc.contributor.authorFreeman, William T.
dc.contributor.authorFriberg, Per
dc.contributor.authorFromm, Christian M.
dc.contributor.authorFuentes, Antonio
dc.contributor.authorGalison, Peter
dc.contributor.authorGarcia, Roberto
dc.contributor.authorGentaz, Olivier
dc.contributor.authorGeorgiev, Boris
dc.contributor.authorGoddi, Ciriaco
dc.contributor.authorGomez-Ruiz, Arturo I.
dc.contributor.authorGomez, Jose L.
dc.contributor.authorGu (顾敏峰), Minfeng
dc.contributor.authorGurwell, Mark
dc.contributor.authorHada, Kazuhiro
dc.contributor.authorHaggard, Daryl
dc.contributor.authorHaworth, Kari
dc.contributor.authorHecht, Michael H.
dc.contributor.authorHesper, Ronald
dc.contributor.authorHeumann, Dirk
dc.contributor.authorHo, Luis C,
dc.contributor.authorHo, Paul
dc.contributor.authorHonma, Mareki
dc.contributor.authorHuang, Chih-Wei L.
dc.contributor.authorHuang (黄磊), Lei
dc.contributor.authorHughes, David H.
dc.contributor.authorIkeda, Shiro
dc.contributor.authorImpellizzeri, C. M. Violette
dc.contributor.authorInoue, Makoto
dc.contributor.authorIssaoun, Sara
dc.contributor.authorJames, David J.
dc.contributor.authorJannuzi, Buell T.
dc.contributor.authorJanssen, Michael
dc.contributor.authorJeter, Britton
dc.contributor.authorJiang, Wu
dc.contributor.authorJimenez-Rosales, Alejandra
dc.contributor.authorJohnson, Michael D.
dc.contributor.authorJorstad, Svetlana
dc.contributor.authorJoshi, Abhishek V.
dc.contributor.authorJung, Taehyun
dc.contributor.authorKarami, Mansour
dc.contributor.authorKaruppusamy, Ramesh
dc.contributor.authorKawashima, Tomohisa
dc.contributor.authorKeating, Garrett K.
dc.contributor.authorKettenis, Mark
dc.contributor.authorKim, Dong-Jin
dc.contributor.authorKim, Jae-Young
dc.contributor.authorKim, Jongsoo
dc.contributor.authorKim, Junhan
dc.contributor.authorKino, Motoki
dc.contributor.authorKoay, Jun Yi
dc.contributor.authorKocherlakota, Prashant
dc.contributor.authorKofuji, Yutaro
dc.contributor.authorKoyama, Shoko
dc.contributor.authorKramer, Carsten
dc.contributor.authorKramer, Michael
dc.contributor.authorKrichbaum, Thomas P.
dc.contributor.authorKuo, Cheng-Yu
dc.contributor.authorLa Bella, Noemi
dc.contributor.authorLauer. Tod R.
dc.contributor.authorLee, Daeyoung
dc.contributor.authorLee, Sang-Sung
dc.contributor.authorLeung, Po Kin
dc.contributor.authorLevis, Aviad
dc.contributor.authorLi (李志远), Zhiyuan
dc.contributor.authorLico, Rocco
dc.contributor.authorLindahl, Greg
dc.contributor.authorLindqvist, Michael
dc.contributor.authorLisakov, Mikhail
dc.contributor.authorLiu, Jun
dc.contributor.authorLiu, Kuo
dc.contributor.authorLiuzzo, Elizabeth
dc.contributor.authorLo, Wen-Ping
dc.contributor.authorLobanov, Andrei P.
dc.contributor.authorLoinard, Laurent
dc.contributor.authorLonsdale, Colin J.
dc.contributor.authorLu, Ru-Sen
dc.contributor.authorMacDonald, Nicholas R.
dc.contributor.authorMao, Jirong
dc.contributor.authorMarchili, Nicola
dc.contributor.authorMarkoff, Sera
dc.contributor.authorMarrone, Daniel P.
dc.contributor.authorMarscher, Alan P.
dc.contributor.authorMarti-Vidal, Ivan
dc.contributor.authorMatsushita, Satoki
dc.contributor.authorMatthews, Lynn D.
dc.contributor.authorMedeiros, Lia
dc.contributor.authorMenten, Karl M.
dc.contributor.authorMichalik, Daniel
dc.contributor.authorMizuno, Izumi
dc.contributor.authorMizuno, Yosuke
dc.contributor.authorMoran, James M.
dc.contributor.authorMoriyama, Kotaro
dc.contributor.authorMuller, Cornelia
dc.contributor.authorMus, Alejandro
dc.contributor.authorMusoke, Gibwa
dc.contributor.authorMyserlis, Ioannis
dc.contributor.authorNadolski, Andrew
dc.contributor.authorNagai, Hiroshi
dc.contributor.authorNagar, Neil M.
dc.contributor.authorNakamura, Masanori
dc.contributor.authorNarayan, Ramesh
dc.contributor.authorNarayanan, Gopal
dc.contributor.authorNatarajan, Iniyan
dc.contributor.authorNathanail, Antonios
dc.contributor.authorNavarro Fuentes, Santiago
dc.contributor.authorNeilsen, Joey
dc.contributor.authorNeri, Roberto
dc.contributor.authorNi, Chunchong
dc.contributor.authorNoutsos, Aristeidis
dc.contributor.authorNowak, Michael A.
dc.contributor.authorOh, Junghwan
dc.contributor.authorOkino, Hiroki
dc.contributor.authorOlivares, Hector
dc.contributor.authorOrtiz-Leon, Gisela N.
dc.contributor.authorOyama, Tomoaki
dc.contributor.authorOzel, Feryal
dc.contributor.authorPalumbo, Daniel C. M.
dc.contributor.authorParaschos, Georgios Filippos
dc.contributor.authorPark, Jongho
dc.contributor.authorParsons, Harriet
dc.contributor.authorPatel, Nimesh
dc.contributor.authorPen, Ue-Li
dc.contributor.authorPesce, Dominic W.
dc.contributor.authorPietu, Vincent
dc.contributor.authorPlambeck, Richard
dc.contributor.authorPopStefanija, Aleksandar
dc.contributor.authorPorth, Oliver
dc.contributor.authorPotzl, Felix M.
dc.contributor.authorPreciado-Lopez, Jorge A.
dc.contributor.authorPsaltis, Dimitrios
dc.contributor.authorRamakrishnan, Venkatessh
dc.contributor.authorRao, Ramprasad
dc.contributor.authorRawlings, Mark G.
dc.contributor.authorRaymond, Alexander W.
dc.contributor.authorRezzolla, Luciano
dc.contributor.authorRicarte, Angelo
dc.contributor.authorRipperda, Bart
dc.contributor.authorRoelofs, Freek
dc.contributor.authorRogers, Alan
dc.contributor.authorRos, Eduardo
dc.contributor.authorRomero-Canizales, Cristina
dc.contributor.authorRoshanineshat, Arash
dc.contributor.authorRottmann, Helge
dc.contributor.authorRoy, Alan L.
dc.contributor.authorRuszczyk, Chet
dc.contributor.authorRygl, Kazi L. J.
dc.contributor.authorSanchez, Salvador
dc.contributor.authorSanchez-Arguelles, David
dc.contributor.authorSanchez-Portal, Miguel
dc.contributor.authorSasada, Mahito
dc.contributor.authorSatapathy, Kaushik
dc.contributor.authorSavolainen, Tuomas
dc.contributor.authorSchloerb, F. Peter
dc.contributor.authorSchonfeld, Jonathan
dc.contributor.authorSchuster, Karl-Friedrich
dc.contributor.authorShao, Lijing
dc.contributor.authorShen, Zhiqiang
dc.contributor.authorSmall, Des
dc.contributor.authorSohn, Bong Won
dc.contributor.authorSooHoo, Jason
dc.contributor.authorSouccar, Kamal
dc.contributor.authorSun, He
dc.contributor.authorTazaki, Fumie
dc.contributor.authorTetarenko, Alexandra J.
dc.contributor.authorTiede, Paul
dc.contributor.authorTilanus, Remo P. J
dc.contributor.authorTitus, Michael
dc.contributor.authorTorne, Pablo
dc.contributor.authorTraianou, Efthalia
dc.contributor.authorTrent, Tyler
dc.contributor.authorTrippe, Sascha
dc.contributor.authorTurk, Matthew
dc.contributor.authorVan Bemmel, Ilse
dc.contributor.authorvan Langevelde, Huib Jan
dc.contributor.authorVan Rossum, Daniel R.
dc.contributor.authorVos, Jesse
dc.contributor.authorWagner, Jan
dc.contributor.authorWard-Thompson, Derek
dc.contributor.authorWardle, John
dc.contributor.authorWeintroub, Jonathan
dc.contributor.authorWex, Norbert
dc.contributor.authorWharton, Robert
dc.contributor.authorWielgus, Maciek
dc.contributor.authorWiik, Kaj
dc.contributor.authorWitzel, Gunther
dc.contributor.authorWondrak, Michael F.
dc.contributor.authorWu, Qingwen
dc.contributor.authorYamaguchi, Paul
dc.contributor.authorYfantis, Aristomenis
dc.contributor.authorYoon, Doosoo
dc.contributor.authorYoung, Andre
dc.contributor.authorYoung, Ken
dc.contributor.authorThe Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration
dc.date.accessioned2024-10-04T11:14:43Z
dc.date.available2024-10-04T11:14:43Z
dc.date.issued2023-06-10
dc.descriptionACKNOWLEDGEMENTS : The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration thanks the following organizations and programs: the Academia Sinica; the Academy of Finland (projects 274477, 284495, 312496, 315721); the Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (ANID), Chile via NCN19058 (TITANs) and Fondecyt 1221421, the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung; an Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship; Allegro, the European ALMA Regional Centre node in the Netherlands, the NL astronomy research network NOVA and the astronomy institutes of the University of Amsterdam, Leiden University, and Radboud University; the ALMA North America Development Fund; the Black Hole Initiative, which is funded by grants from the John Templeton Foundation and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (although the opinions expressed in this work are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of these Foundations); the Brinson Foundation; Chandra DD7-18089X and TM6-17006X; the China Scholarship Council; the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation fellowships (2020M671266, 2022M712084); Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT, Mexico, projects U0004- 246083, U0004-259839, F0003-272050, M0037-279006, F0003- 281692, 104497, 275201, 263356); the Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad of the Junta de Andalucía (grant P18-FR-1769), the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (grant 2019AEP112); the Delaney Family via the Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair at Perimeter Institute; Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (DGAPA-UNAM, projects IN112417 and IN112820); the Dutch Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) for VICI award (grant 639.043.513), grant OCENW.KLEIN.113 and the Dutch Black Hole Consortium (with project No. NWA 1292.19.202) of the research program the National Science Agenda; the Dutch National Supercomputers, Cartesius and Snellius (NWO grant 2021.013); the EACOA Fellowship awarded by the East Asia Core Observatories Association, which consists of the Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Center for Astronomical Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; the European Research Council (ERC) Synergy Grant “BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes” (grant 610058); the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreements Radio- Net (No. 730562) and M2FINDERS (No. 101018682); the Horizon ERC Grants 2021 program under grant agreement No. 101040021; the Generalitat Valenciana postdoctoral grant APOSTD/2018/177 and GenT Program (project CIDEGENT/ 2018/021); MICINN Research Project PID2019-108995GB-C22; the European Research Council for advanced grant “JETSET: Launching, propagation and emission of relativistic jets from binary mergers and across mass scales” (grant No. 884631); the Institute for Advanced Study; the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Napoli, iniziative specifiche TEONGRAV; the International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the Universities of Bonn and Cologne; DFG research grant “Jet physics on horizon scales and beyond” (grant No. FR 4069/2-1); Joint Columbia/Flatiron Postdoctoral Fellowship (research at the Flatiron Institute is supported by the Simons Foundation); the Japan Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT; grant JPMXP1020200109); the Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship; the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Research Fellowship (JP17J08829); the Joint Institute for Computational Fundamental Science, Japan; the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS, grants QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057, QYZDJSSW-SYS008, ZDBS-LYSLH011); the Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship; the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG); the Max Planck Partner Group of the MPG and the CAS; the MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI (grants 18KK0090, JP21H01137, JP18H03721, JP18K13594, 18K03709, JP19K14761, 18H01245, 25120007); the Malaysian Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) FRGS/1/2019/STG02/UM/02/6; the MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds; the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan (103- 2119-M-001-010-MY2, 105-2112-M-001-025-MY3, 105-2119- M-001-042, 106-2112-M-001-011, 106-2119-M-001-013, 106- 2119-M-001-027, 106-2923-M-001-005, 107-2119-M-001-017, 107-2119-M-001-020, 107-2119-M-001-041, 107-2119-M-110- 005, 107-2923-M-001-009, 108-2112-M-001-048, 108-2112-M- 001-051, 108-2923-M-001-002, 109-2112-M-001-025, 109-2124- M-001-005, 109-2923-M-001-001, 110-2112-M-003-007-MY2, 110-2112-M-001-033, 110-2124-M-001-007, and 110-2923-M- 001-001); the Ministry of Education (MoE) of Taiwan Yushan Young Scholar Program; the Physics Division, National Center for Theoretical Sciences of Taiwan; the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, Fermi Guest Investigator grant 80NSSC20K1567, NASA Astrophysics Theory Program grant 80NSSC20K0527, NASA NuSTAR award 80NSSC20K0645); NASA Hubble Fellowship grants HST-HF2-51431.001-A, HSTHF2- 51482.001-A awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA, under contract NAS5- 26555; the National Institute of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan; the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant 2016YFA0400704, 2017YFA0402703, 2016YFA0400702); the National Science Foundation (NSF, grants AST-0096454, AST-0352953, AST-0521233, AST- 0705062, AST-0905844, AST-0922984, AST-1126433, AST- 1140030, DGE-1144085, AST-1207704, AST-1207730, AST- 1207752, MRI-1228509, OPP-1248097, AST-1310896, AST- 1440254, AST-1555365, AST-1614868, AST-1615796, AST- 1715061, AST-1716327, AST-1716536, OISE-1743747, AST- 1816420, AST-1935980, AST-2034306); NSF Astronomy and Astrophysics Postdoctoral Fellowship (AST-1903847); the Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 11650110427, 10625314, 11721303, 11725312, 11873028, 11933007, 11991052, 11991053, 12192220, 12192223); the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC, including a Discovery Grant and the NSERC Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarships-Doctoral Program); the National Youth Thousand Talents Program of China; the National Research Foundation of Korea (the Global PhD Fellowship Grant: grants NRF-2015H1A2A1033752, the Korea Research Fellowship Program: NRF-2015H1D3A1066561, Brain Pool Program: 2019H1D3A1A01102564, Basic Research Support Grant 2019R1F1A1059721, 2021R1A6A3A01086420, 2022R1C1C1005255); Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (NOVA) Virtual Institute of Accretion (VIA) postdoctoral fellowships; Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) national infrastructure, for the provisioning of its facilities/observational support (OSO receives funding through the Swedish Research Council under grant 2017-00648); the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (research at Perimeter Institute is supported by the Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development and by the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science); the Princeton Gravity Initiative; the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (grants PGC2018-098915-B-C21, AYA2016-80889-P, PID2019-108995GB-C21, PID2020- 117404GB-C21); the University of Pretoria for financial aid in the provision of the new Cluster Server nodes and SuperMicro (USA) for a SEEDING GRANT approved toward these nodes in 2020; the Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai Branch (JCYJ-SHFY-2021-013); the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the “Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa” award for the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017- 0709); the Spinoza Prize SPI 78-409; the South African Research Chairs Initiative, through the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO, grant ID 77948), which is a facility of the National Research Foundation (NRF), an agency of the Department of Science and Innovation (DSI) of South Africa; the Toray Science Foundation; the Swedish Research Council (VR); the US Department of Energy (USDOE) through the Los Alamos National Laboratory (operated by Triad National Security, LLC, for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the USDOE, contract 89233218CNA000001); the YCAA Prize Postdoctoral Fellowship; and the Astrophysics and High Energy Physics program by MCIN (with funding from European Union NextGenerationEU, PRTR-C17I1). We thank the staff at the participating observatories, correlation centers, and institutions for their enthusiastic support. This paper makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO.ALMA#2016.1.01154.V. ALMA is a partnership of the European Southern Observatory (ESO; Europe, representing its member states), NSF, and National Institutes of Natural Sciences of Japan, together with National Research Council (Canada), Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST; Taiwan), Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics (ASIAA; Taiwan), and Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI; Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, Associated Universities, Inc. (AUI)/NRAO, and the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ). The NRAO is a facility of the NSF operated under cooperative agreement by AUI. This research used resources of the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which is supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725. We also thank the Center for Computational Astrophysics, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. The computing cluster of Shanghai VLBI correlator supported by the Special Fund for Astronomy from the Ministry of Finance in China is acknowledged. This work was supported by FAPESP (Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo) under grant 2021/01183-8. APEX is a collaboration between the Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (Germany), ESO, and the Onsala Space Observatory (Sweden). The SMA is a joint project between the SAO and ASIAA and is funded by the Smithsonian Institution and the Academia Sinica. The JCMT is operated by the East Asian Observatory on behalf of the NAOJ, ASIAA, and KASI, as well as the Ministry of Finance of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the National Key Research and Development Program (No. 2017YFA0402700) of China and Natural Science Foundation of China grant 11873028. Additional funding support for the JCMT is provided by the Science and Technologies Facility Council (UK) and participating universities in the UK and Canada. The LMT is a project operated by the Instituto Nacional de Astrófisica, Óptica, y Electrónica (Mexico) and the University of Massachusetts at Amherst (USA). The IRAM 30 m telescope on Pico Veleta, Spain is operated by IRAM and supported by CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France), MPG (Max-Planck- Gesellschaft, Germany), and IGN (Instituto Geográfico Nacional, Spain). The SMT is operated by the Arizona Radio Observatory, a part of the Steward Observatory of the University of Arizona, with financial support of operations from the State of Arizona and financial support for instrumentation development from the NSF. Support for SPT participation in the EHT is provided by the National Science Foundation through award OPP-1852617 to the University of Chicago. Partial support is also provided by the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago. The SPT hydrogen maser was provided on loan from the GLT, courtesy of ASIAA. This work used the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE), supported by NSF grant ACI-1548562, and CyVerse, supported by NSF grants DBI- 0735191, DBI-1265383, and DBI-1743442. XSEDE Stampede2 resource at TACC was allocated through TG-AST170024 and TG-AST080026N. XSEDE JetStream resource at PTI and TACC was allocated through AST170028. This research is part of the Frontera computing project at the Texas Advanced Computing Center through the Frontera Large-Scale Community Partnerships allocation AST20023. Frontera is made possible by National Science Foundation award OAC-1818253. This research was done using services provided by the OSG Consortium (Pordes et al. 2007; Sfiligoi et al. 2009), which is supported by the National Science Foundation award Nos. 2030508 and 1836650. This research was carried out using resources provided by the Open Science Grid, which is supported by the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science. Additional work used ABACUS2.0, which is part of the eScience center at Southern Denmark University. Simulations were also performed on the SuperMUC cluster at the LRZ in Garching, on the LOEWE cluster in CSC in Frankfurt, on the HazelHen cluster at the HLRS in Stuttgart, and on the Pi2.0 and Siyuan Mark-I at Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The computer resources of the Finnish IT Center for Science (CSC) and the Finnish Computing Competence Infrastructure (FCCI) project are acknowledged.This research was enabled in part by support provided by Compute Ontario (http://computeontario.ca), Calcul Quebec (http://www.calculquebec.ca), and Compute Canada (http:// www.computecanada.ca). The EHTC has received generous donations of FPGA chips from Xilinx Inc., under the Xilinx University Program. The EHTC has benefited from technology shared under opensource license by the Collaboration for Astronomy Signal Processing and Electronics Research (CASPER). The EHT project is grateful to T4Science and Microsemi for their assistance with hydrogen masers. This research has made use of NASA’s Astrophysics Data System. We gratefully acknowledge the support provided by the extended staff of the ALMA, from the inception of the ALMA Phasing Project through the observational campaigns of 2017 and 2018. We would like to thank A. Deller and W. Brisken for EHT-specific support with the use of DiFX. We thank Martin Shepherd for the addition of extra features in the Difmap software that were used for the CLEAN imaging results presented in this paper. We acknowledge the significance that Maunakea, where the SMA and JCMT EHT stations are located, has for the indigenous Hawaiian people.en_US
dc.description.abstractInterpretation of resolved polarized images of black holes by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) requires predictions of the polarized emission observable by an Earth-based instrument for a particular model of the black hole accretion system. Such predictions are generated by general relativistic radiative transfer (GRRT) codes, which integrate the equations of polarized radiative transfer in curved spacetime. A selection of ray-tracing GRRT codes used within the EHT Collaboration is evaluated for accuracy and consistency in producing a selection of test images, demonstrating that the various methods and implementations of radiative transfer calculations are highly consistent. When imaging an analytic accretion model, we find that all codes produce images similar within a pixel-wise normalized mean squared error (NMSE) of 0.012 in the worst case. When imaging a snapshot from a cell-based magnetohydrodynamic simulation, we find all test images to be similar within NMSEs of 0.02, 0.04, 0.04, and 0.12 in Stokes I, Q, U, and V, respectively. We additionally find the values of several image metrics relevant to published EHT results to be in agreement to much better precision than measurement uncertainties.en_US
dc.description.departmentPhysicsen_US
dc.description.librarianam2024en_US
dc.description.sdgNoneen_US
dc.description.urihttps://iopscience.iop.org/journal/0004-637Xen_US
dc.identifier.citationPrather, B.S., Dexter, J., Moscibrodzka, M. et al. 2023, 'Comparison of polarized radiative transfer codes used by the EHT collaboration', The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 950, no. 35, pp. 1-23. https://DOI.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acc586.en_US
dc.identifier.issn0004-637X (print)
dc.identifier.issn1538-4357 (online)
dc.identifier.other10.3847/1538-4357/acc586
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/2263/98510
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherAmerican Astronomical Societyen_US
dc.rights© 2023. The Author(s). Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence.en_US
dc.subjectSupermassive black holesen_US
dc.subjectRadiative transfer simulationsen_US
dc.subjectAstronomy softwareen_US
dc.subjectEvent Horizon Telescope (EHT)en_US
dc.subjectGeneral relativistic radiative transfer (GRRT)en_US
dc.titleComparison of polarized radiative transfer codes used by the EHT collaborationen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US

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