First M87 event horizon telescope results. VI. The shadow and mass of the central black hole

dc.contributor.authorAkiyama, Kazunori
dc.contributor.authorAlberdi, Antxon
dc.contributor.authorAlef, Walter
dc.contributor.authorAsada, Keiichi
dc.contributor.authorAzulay, Rebecca
dc.contributor.authorBaczko, Anne-Kathrin
dc.contributor.authorBall, David
dc.contributor.authorBalokovic, Mislav
dc.contributor.authorBarrett, John
dc.contributor.authorBintley, Dan
dc.contributor.authorBlackburn, Lindy
dc.contributor.authorBoland, Wilfred
dc.contributor.authorBouman, Katherine L.
dc.contributor.authorBower, Geoffrey C.
dc.contributor.authorBremer, Michael
dc.contributor.authorBrinkerink, Christiaan D.
dc.contributor.authorBrissenden, Roger
dc.contributor.authorBritzen, Silke
dc.contributor.authorBroderick, Avery E.
dc.contributor.authorBroguiere, Dominique
dc.contributor.authorBronzwaer, Thomas
dc.contributor.authorByun, Do-Young
dc.contributor.authorCarlstrom, John E.
dc.contributor.authorChael, Andrew
dc.contributor.authorChan, Chi-kwan
dc.contributor.authorChatterjee, Shami
dc.contributor.authorChatterjee, Koushik
dc.contributor.authorChen, Ming-Tang
dc.contributor.authorChen, Yongjun
dc.contributor.authorCho, Ilje
dc.contributor.authorChristian, Pierre
dc.contributor.authorConway, John E.
dc.contributor.authorCordes, James M.
dc.contributor.authorCrew, Geoffrey B.
dc.contributor.authorCui, Yuzhu
dc.contributor.authorDavelaar, Jordy
dc.contributor.authorDe Laurentis, Mariafelicia
dc.contributor.authorDeane, Roger
dc.contributor.authorDempsey, Jessica
dc.contributor.authorDesvignes, Gregory
dc.contributor.authorDexter, Jason
dc.contributor.authorDoeleman, Sheperd S.
dc.contributor.authorEatough, Ralph P.
dc.contributor.authorFalcke, Heino
dc.contributor.authorFish, Vincent L.
dc.contributor.authorFomalont, Ed
dc.contributor.authorFraga-Encinas, Raquel
dc.contributor.authorFriberg, Per
dc.contributor.authorFromm, Christian M.
dc.contributor.authorGomez, Jose L.
dc.contributor.authorGalison, Peter
dc.contributor.authorGammie, Charles F.
dc.contributor.authorGarcia, Roberto
dc.contributor.authorGentaz, Olivier
dc.contributor.authorGeorgiev, Boris
dc.contributor.authorGoddi, Ciriaco
dc.contributor.authorGold, Roman
dc.contributor.authorGu, Minfeng
dc.contributor.authorGurwell, Mark
dc.contributor.authorHada, Kazuhiro
dc.contributor.authorHecht, Michael H.
dc.contributor.authorHesper, Ronald
dc.contributor.authorHo, Luis C.
dc.contributor.authorHo, Paul
dc.contributor.authorHonma, Mareki
dc.contributor.authorHuang, Chih-Wei L.
dc.contributor.authorHuang, Lei
dc.contributor.authorHughes, David H.
dc.contributor.authorIkeda, Shiro
dc.contributor.authorInoue, Makoto
dc.contributor.authorIssaoun, Sara
dc.contributor.authorJames, David J.
dc.contributor.authorJannuzi, Buell T.
dc.contributor.authorJanssen, Michael
dc.contributor.authorJeter, Britton
dc.contributor.authorJiang, Wu
dc.contributor.authorJohnson, Michael D.
dc.contributor.authorJorstad, Svetlana
dc.contributor.authorJung, Taehyun
dc.contributor.authorKarami, Mansour
dc.contributor.authorKaruppusamy, Ramesh
dc.contributor.authorKawashima, Tomohisa
dc.contributor.authorKeating, Garrett K.
dc.contributor.authorKettenis, Mark
dc.contributor.authorKim, Jae-Young
dc.contributor.authorKim, Junhan
dc.contributor.authorKim, Jongsoo
dc.contributor.authorKino, Motoki
dc.contributor.authorKoay, Jun Yi
dc.contributor.authorKoch, Patrick M.
dc.contributor.authorKoyama, Shoko
dc.contributor.authorKramer, Michael
dc.contributor.authorKramer, Carsten
dc.contributor.authorKrichbaum, Thomas P.
dc.contributor.authorKuo, Cheng-Yu
dc.contributor.authorLauer, Tod R.
dc.contributor.authorLee, Sang-Sung
dc.contributor.authorLi, Yan-Rong
dc.contributor.authorLi, Zhiyuan
dc.contributor.authorLindqvist, Michael
dc.contributor.authorLiu, Kuo
dc.contributor.authorLiuzzo, Elisabetta
dc.contributor.authorLo, Wen-Ping
dc.contributor.authorLobanov, Andrei P.
dc.contributor.authorLoinard, Laurent
dc.contributor.authorLonsdale, Colin
dc.contributor.authorLu, Ru-Sen
dc.contributor.authorMacDonald, Nicholas R.
dc.contributor.authorMao, Jirong
dc.contributor.authorMarkoff, Sera
dc.contributor.authorMarrone, Daniel P.
dc.contributor.authorMarscher, Alan P.
dc.contributor.authorMarti-Vidal, Ivan
dc.contributor.authorMatsushita, Satoki
dc.contributor.authorMatthews, Lynn D.
dc.contributor.authorMedeiros, Lia
dc.contributor.authorMenten, Karl M.
dc.contributor.authorMizuno, Yosuke
dc.contributor.authorMizuno, Izumi
dc.contributor.authorMoran, James M.
dc.contributor.authorMoriyama, Kotaro
dc.contributor.authorMoscibrodzka, Monika
dc.contributor.authorMuller, Cornelia
dc.contributor.authorNagai, Hiroshi
dc.contributor.authorNagar, Neil M.
dc.contributor.authorNakamura, Masanori
dc.contributor.authorNarayan, Ramesh
dc.contributor.authorNarayanan, Gopal
dc.contributor.authorNatarajan, Iniyan
dc.contributor.authorNeri, Roberto
dc.contributor.authorNi, Chunchong
dc.contributor.authorNoutsos, Aristeidis
dc.contributor.authorOkino, Hiroki
dc.contributor.authorOlivares, Hector
dc.contributor.authorOyama, Tomoaki
dc.contributor.authorOzel, Feryal
dc.contributor.authorPalumbo, Daniel C.M.
dc.contributor.authorPatel, Nimesh
dc.contributor.authorPen, Ue-Li
dc.contributor.authorPesce, Dominic W.
dc.contributor.authorPietu, Vincent
dc.contributor.authorPlambeck, Richard
dc.contributor.authorPopStefanija, Aleksandar
dc.contributor.authorPorth, Oliver
dc.contributor.authorPrather, Ben
dc.contributor.authorPreciado-Lopez, Jorge A.
dc.contributor.authorPsaltis, Dimitrios
dc.contributor.authorPu, Hung-Yi
dc.contributor.authorRamakrishnan, Venkatessh
dc.contributor.authorRao, Ramprasad
dc.contributor.authorRawlings, Mark G.
dc.contributor.authorRaymond, Alexander W.
dc.contributor.authorRezzolla, Luciano
dc.contributor.authorRipperda, Bart
dc.contributor.authorRoelofs, Freek
dc.contributor.authorRogers, Alan
dc.contributor.authorRos, Eduardo
dc.contributor.authorRose, Mel
dc.contributor.authorRoshanineshat, Arash
dc.contributor.authorRottmann, Helge
dc.contributor.authorRoy, Alan L.
dc.contributor.authorRuszczyk, Chet
dc.contributor.authorRyan, Benjamin R.
dc.contributor.authorRygl, Kazi L.J.
dc.contributor.authorSanchez, Salvador
dc.contributor.authorSanchez-Arguelles, David
dc.contributor.authorSasada, Mahito
dc.contributor.authorSavolainen, Tuomas
dc.contributor.authorSchloerb, F. Peter
dc.contributor.authorSchuster, Karl-Friedrich
dc.contributor.authorShao, Lijing
dc.contributor.authorShen, Zhiqiang
dc.contributor.authorSmall, Des
dc.contributor.authorSohn, Bong Won
dc.contributor.authorSooHoo, Jason
dc.contributor.authorTazaki, Fumie
dc.contributor.authorTiede, Paul
dc.contributor.authorTilanus, Remo P.J.
dc.contributor.authorTitus, Michael
dc.contributor.authorToma, Kenji
dc.contributor.authorTorne, Pablo
dc.contributor.authorTrent, Tyler
dc.contributor.authorTrippe, Sascha
dc.contributor.authorTsuda, Shuichiro
dc.contributor.authorVan Bemmel, Ilse
dc.contributor.authorVan Langevelde, Huib Jan
dc.contributor.authorVan Rossum, Daniel R.
dc.contributor.authorWagner, Jan
dc.contributor.authorWardle, John
dc.contributor.authorWeintroub, Jonathan
dc.contributor.authorWex, Norbert
dc.contributor.authorWharton, Robert
dc.contributor.authorWielgus, Maciek
dc.contributor.authorWong, George N.
dc.contributor.authorWu, Qingwen
dc.contributor.authorYoung, Andre
dc.contributor.authorYoung, Ken
dc.contributor.authorYounsi, Ziri
dc.contributor.authorYuan, Feng
dc.contributor.authorYuan, Ye-Fei
dc.contributor.authorZensus, J. Anton
dc.contributor.authorZhao, Guangyao
dc.contributor.authorZhao, Shan-Shan
dc.contributor.authorZhu, Ziyan
dc.contributor.authorFarah, Joseph R.
dc.contributor.authorMeyer-Zhao, Zheng
dc.contributor.authorMichalik, Daniel
dc.contributor.authorNadolski, Andrew
dc.contributor.authorNishioka, Hiroaki
dc.contributor.authorPradel, Nicolas
dc.contributor.authorPrimiani, Rurik A.
dc.contributor.authorSouccar, Kamal
dc.contributor.authorVertatschitsch, Laura
dc.contributor.authorYamaguchi, Paul
dc.date.accessioned2020-12-02T05:36:50Z
dc.date.available2020-12-02T05:36:50Z
dc.date.issued2019-04-10
dc.description.abstractPlease read abstract in the article.en_ZA
dc.description.departmentPhysicsen_ZA
dc.description.librarianam2020en_ZA
dc.description.sponsorshipThe authors of this Letter thank the following organizations and programs: the Academy of Finland (projects 274477, 284495, 312496); the Advanced European Network of E-infrastructures for Astronomy with the SKA (AENEAS) project, supported by the European Commission Framework Programme Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation action under grant agreement 731016; the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung; the Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, through a grant (60477) from the John Templeton Foundation; the China Scholarship Council; Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CONICYT, Chile, via PIA ACT172033, Fondecyt 1171506, BASAL AFB-170002, ALMA-conicyt 31140007); Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT, Mexico, projects 104497, 275201, 279006, 281692); the Delaney Family via the Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair at Perimeter Institute; Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico–Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (DGAPA–UNAM, project IN112417); the European Research Council Synergy Grant “BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes” (grant 610058); the Generalitat Valenciana postdoctoral grant APOSTD/2018/177; the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (grants GBMF-3561, GBMF-5278); the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Napoli, iniziative specifiche TEONGRAV; the International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the Universities of Bonn and Cologne; the Jansky Fellowship program of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); the Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship; the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Research Fellowship (JP17J08829); JSPS Overseas Research Fellowships; the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS, grants QYZDJ-SSWSLH057 QYZDJ-SSW-SYS008); the Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship; the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG); the Max Planck Partner Group of the MPG and the CAS; the MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI (grants 18KK0090, JP18K13594, JP18K03656, JP18H03721, 18K03709, 18H01245, 25120007); the MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds; the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan (105-2112-M-001-025- MY3, 106-2112-M-001-011, 106-2119-M-001-027, 107-2119- M-001-017, 107-2119-M-001-020, and 107-2119-M-110-005); the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, Fermi Guest Investigator grant 80NSSC17K0649); the National Institute of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan; the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant 2016YFA0400704, 2016YFA0400702); the National Science Foundation (NSF, grants AST-0096454, AST-0352953, AST- 0521233, AST-0705062, AST-0905844, AST-0922984, AST- 1126433, AST-1140030, DGE-1144085, AST-1207704, AST- 1207730, AST-1207752, MRI-1228509, OPP-1248097, AST- 1310896, AST-1312651, AST-1337663, AST-1440254, AST- 1555365, AST-1715061, AST-1614868, AST-1615796, AST- 1716327, OISE-1743747, AST-1816420); the Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 11573051, 11633006, 11650110427 10625314, 11721303, 11725312, 11873028, 11873073, U1531245, 11473010); the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC, including a Discovery Grant and the NSERC Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarships-Doctoral Program); the National Youth Thousand Talents Program of China; the National Research Foundation of Korea (grant 2015-R1D1A1A01056807, the Global PhD Fellowship Grant: NRF-2015H1A2A1033752, and the Korea Research Fellowship Program: NRF-2015H1D3A1066561); the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) VICI award (grant 639.043.513) and Spinoza Prize SPI 78-409; the New Scientific Frontiers with Precision Radio Interferometry Fellowship awarded by the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO), which is a facility of the National Research Foundation (NRF), an agency of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) of South Africa; the Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) national infrastructure, for the provisioning of its facilities/observational support (OSO receives funding through the Swedish Research Council under grant 2017-00648) the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (research at Perimeter Institute is supported by the Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada and by the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Economic Development, Job Creation and Trade); the Russian Science Foundation (grant 17-12- 01029); the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (grants AYA2015-63939-C2-1-P, AYA2016-80889-P); the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the “Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa” award for the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709); the Toray Science Foundation; the US Department of Energy (USDOE) through the Los Alamos National Laboratory (operated by Triad National Security, LLC, for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the USDOE (Contract 89233218CNA000001)); the Italian Ministero dell’Istruzione Università e Ricerca through the grant Progetti Premiali 2012-iALMA (CUP C52I13000140001); ALMA North America Development Fund; Chandra TM6-17006X. This work used the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE), supported by NSF grant ACI-1548562, and CyVerse, supported by NSF grants DBI-0735191, DBI-1265383, and DBI-1743442. XSEDE Stampede2 resource at TACC was allocated through TG-AST170024 and TG-AST080026N. XSEDE JetStream resource at PTI and TACC was allocated through AST170028. The simulations were performed in part on the SuperMUC cluster at the LRZ in Garching, on the LOEWE cluster in CSC in Frankfurt, and on the HazelHen cluster at the HLRS in Stuttgart. This research was enabled in part by support provided by Compute Ontario (http://computeontario.ca), Calcul Quebec (http://www.calculquebec.ca) and Compute Canada (http://www.computecanada.ca). We thank the staff at the participating observatories, correlation centers, and institutions for their enthusiastic support. This Letter makes use of the following ALMA data: JAO.ALMA#2016.1.01154. V. ALMA is a partnership of the European Southern Observatory (ESO; Europe, representing its member states), NSF, and National Institutes of Natural Sciences of Japan, together with National Research Council (Canada), Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST; Taiwan), Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics (ASIAA; Taiwan), and Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI; Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, Associated Universities, Inc. (AUI)/NRAO, and the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ). The NRAO is a facility of the NSF operated under cooperative agreement by AUI. APEX is a collaboration between the Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (Germany), ESO, and the Onsala Space Observatory (Sweden). The SMA is a joint project between the SAO and ASIAA and is funded by the Smithsonian Institution and the Academia Sinica. The JCMT is operated by the East Asian Observatory on behalf of the NAOJ, ASIAA, and KASI, as well as the Ministry of Finance of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the National Key R&D Program (No. 2017YFA0402700) of China. Additional funding support for the JCMT is provided by the Science and Technologies Facility Council (UK) and participating universities in the UK and Canada. The LMT project is a joint effort of the Instituto Nacional de Astrófisica, Óptica, y Electrónica (Mexico) and the University of Massachusetts at Amherst (USA). The IRAM 30-m telescope on Pico Veleta, Spain is operated by IRAM and supported by CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France), MPG (Max-Planck- Gesellschaft, Germany) and IGN (Instituto Geográfico Nacional, Spain). The SMT is operated by the Arizona Radio Observatory, a part of the Steward Observatory of the University of Arizona, with financial support of operations from the State of Arizona and financial support for instrumentation development from the NSF. Partial SPT support is provided by the NSF Physics Frontier Center award (PHY-0114422) to the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago (USA), the Kavli Foundation, and the GBMF (GBMF-947). The SPT hydrogen maser was provided on loan from the GLT, courtesy of ASIAA. The SPT is supported by the National Science Foundation through grant PLR-1248097. Partial support is also provided by the NSF Physics Frontier Center grant PHY- 1125897 to the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, the Kavli Foundation and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation grant GBMF 947. The EHTC has received generous donations of FPGA chips from Xilinx Inc., under the Xilinx University Program. The EHTC has benefited from technology shared under open-source license by the Collaboration for Astronomy Signal Processing and Electronics Research (CASPER). The EHT project is grateful to T4Science and Microsemi for their assistance with Hydrogen Masers. This research has made use of NASAʼs Astrophysics Data System. We gratefully acknowledge the support provided by the extended staff of the ALMA, both from the inception of the ALMA Phasing Project through the observational campaigns of 2017 and 2018. We would like to thank A. Deller and W. Brisken for EHT-specific support with the use of DiFX. We acknowledge the significance that Maunakea, where the SMA and JCMT EHT stations are located, has for the indigenous Hawaiian people.en_ZA
dc.description.urihttp://iopscience.iop.org/2041-8205en_ZA
dc.identifier.citationAkiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W. et al. 2019, 'First M87 event horizon telescope results. VI. The shadow and mass of the central black hole', Astrophysical Journal Letters, vol. 875, no. L6, pp. 1-44.en_ZA
dc.identifier.issn2041-8205 (print)
dc.identifier.issn2041-8213 (online)
dc.identifier.other10.3847/2041-8213/ab1141
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/2263/77232
dc.language.isoenen_ZA
dc.publisherIOP Publishingen_ZA
dc.rights© 2019. The American Astronomical Society. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence.en_ZA
dc.subjectBlack hole physicsen_ZA
dc.subjectGalaxies: individual (M87)en_ZA
dc.subjectTechniques: high angular resolutionen_ZA
dc.subjectTechniques: interferometricen_ZA
dc.subjectEvent Horizon Telescope (EHT)en_ZA
dc.subjectGeneral relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD)en_ZA
dc.subjectCentral black holeen_ZA
dc.titleFirst M87 event horizon telescope results. VI. The shadow and mass of the central black holeen_ZA
dc.typeArticleen_ZA

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