Recent advances in phthalocyanines for chemical sensor, non-linear optics (NLO) and energy storage applications

Abstract

Phthalocyanines (Pcs) are intensely coloured, robust macrocycles that possess admirable chemical, thermal and photo- stability as a result of its extensive π-network. The Pc family has established their fundamental and technological importance in numerous applications due to structural versatility and unique properties that result from the incorporation of a variety of inorganic and organic components into its framework. The diversity of Pc structures allows for the optimisation of certain properties to obtain functional, high-performance materials. The combination of aromaticity, relatively simple synthesis and structural flexibility makes Pcs a great asset for numerous scientific and industrial advancements. This review focuses on recent advances (2014–2020) of phthalocyanines in the specific technologies of chemical sensors, non-linear optics (NLO), and energy storage applications. Many MPc complexes reported to date favour select metals and ligand derivatives which leaves huge opportunities for further exploration.