Recommendations for initial examination, differential diagnosis, and management of concussion and other head injuries in high-level football

dc.contributor.authorFeddermann-Demont, Nina
dc.contributor.authorChiampas, Georges
dc.contributor.authorCowie, Charlotte M.
dc.contributor.authorMeyer, Tim
dc.contributor.authorNordström, Anna
dc.contributor.authorPutukian, Margot
dc.contributor.authorStraumann, Dominik
dc.contributor.authorKramer, Efraim B.
dc.date.accessioned2021-04-13T14:09:53Z
dc.date.available2021-04-13T14:09:53Z
dc.date.issued2020-10
dc.description.abstractHead injuries can result in substantially different outcomes, ranging from no detectable effect to transient functional impairments to life-threatening structural lesions. In high-level international football (soccer) tournaments, on average, one head injury occurs in every third match. Making the diagnosis and determining the severity of a head injury immediately on-pitch or off-field is a major challenge for team physicians, especially because clinical signs of a brain injury can develop over several minutes, hours, or even days after the injury. A standardized approach is useful to support team physicians in their decision whether the player should be allowed to continue to play or should be removed from play after head injury. A systematic, football-specific procedure for examination and management during the first 72 hours after head injuries and a graduated Return-to-Football program for high-level players have been developed by an international group of experts based on current national and international guidelines for the management of acute head injuries. The procedure includes seven stages from the initial on-pitch examination to the graduated Return-to-Football program. Details of the assessments and the consequences of different outcomes are described for each stage. Criteria for emergency management (red flags), removal from play (orange flags), and referral to specialists for further diagnosis and treatment (persistent orange flags) are provided. The guidelines for return to sport after concussion-type head injury are specified for football. Thus, the present paper presents a comprehensive procedure for team physicians after a head injury in high-level football.en_ZA
dc.description.departmentSports Medicineen_ZA
dc.description.librarianam2021en_ZA
dc.description.sponsorshipFédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)en_ZA
dc.description.urihttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/16000838en_ZA
dc.identifier.citationFeddermann-Demont, N., Chiampas, G., Cowie, C.M. et al. 2020, 'Recommendations for initial examination, differential diagnosis, and management of concussion and other head injuries in high-level football', Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, vol. 30, no. 10, pp. 1846-1858.en_ZA
dc.identifier.issn0905-7188 (print)
dc.identifier.issn1600-0838 (online)
dc.identifier.other10.1111/sms.13750
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/2263/79420
dc.language.isoenen_ZA
dc.publisherWileyen_ZA
dc.rights© 2020 The Authors. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License.en_ZA
dc.subjectAssessmenten_ZA
dc.subjectExaminationen_ZA
dc.subjectHead traumaen_ZA
dc.subjectSigns and symptomsen_ZA
dc.subjectSportsen_ZA
dc.titleRecommendations for initial examination, differential diagnosis, and management of concussion and other head injuries in high-level footballen_ZA
dc.typeArticleen_ZA

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