Insights into the mechanisms implicated in Pinus pinaster resistance to pinewood nematode

dc.contributor.authorModesto, Ines
dc.contributor.authorSterck, Lieven
dc.contributor.authorArbona, Vicent
dc.contributor.authorGomez-Cadenas, Aurelio
dc.contributor.authorCarrasquinho, Isabel
dc.contributor.authorVan de Peer, Yves
dc.contributor.authorMiguel, Celia M.
dc.date.accessioned2022-03-07T09:18:13Z
dc.date.available2022-03-07T09:18:13Z
dc.date.issued2021-06-10
dc.descriptionSupplementary Figure 1. Boxplots of the height and diameter at the base of the stem of inoculated plants (half-sib family 440) and t-test results for the comparison of these parameters’ means between resistant (res) and susceptible (sus) plants. (A) Boxplot of height (cm) measurements. (B) Boxplot of diameter at the base of the stem (mm) measurements. Both measurements were made before inoculations. (C) t-Test results for heights comparison. (D) t-Test results for diameter comparison. N, number of samples. SD, standard deviation.en_ZA
dc.descriptionSupplementary Figure 2. Heatmaps representing the expression patterns of genes involved in secondary metabolism. (A) Flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. (B) Terpenoid biosynthesis pathways, including terpenoid backbone biosynthesis (Terp. Backbone), monoterpenoid biosynthesis, sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis, and diterpenoid biosynthesis pathways. The color gradient represents mean expression levels (logTPM) of each gene for control (C), susceptible (S), and resistant (R) samples.en_ZA
dc.descriptionSupplementary Figure 3. Heatmaps representing the expression patterns of genes involved in the synthesis of hydrogen peroxide (A) and response to oxidative stress (B). The color gradient represents mean expression levels (logTPM) of each gene for control (C), susceptible (S), and resistant (R) samples.en_ZA
dc.descriptionSupplementary Figure 4. Heatmaps representing the expression patterns of hormone responsive transcription factors (TFs). Jasmonate responsive TFs JAZ/Tify (A) and ERF (B), salicylic acid responsive TFs WRKY (C), and abscisic acid responsive TFs NAC (D). The color gradient represents mean expression levels (logTPM) of each gene for control (C), susceptible (S), and resistant (R) samples.en_ZA
dc.descriptionSupplementary Table 1. De novo assembly and P. pinaster reference transcriptome statistics.en_ZA
dc.descriptionSupplementary Table 2. Genes selected for quantitative RT-qPCR, respective primer sequences, amplicon size, and annealing temperatures used.en_ZA
dc.descriptionSupplementary Table 3. Genes expressed by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in inoculated samples.en_ZA
dc.descriptionSupplementary Table 4. Differential expressed genes in susceptible plants when compared to controls (log2 fold change ≥ |2|, FDR corrected p-value (padj) ≤ 0.05). InterPro, KEGG, and blastx annotations are presented.en_ZA
dc.descriptionSupplementary Table 5. Differential expressed genes in resistant plants when compared to controls (log2 fold change ≥ |2|, FDR corrected p-value (padj) ≤ 0.05). InterPro, KEGG, and blastx annotations are presented.en_ZA
dc.descriptionSupplementary Table 6. GO terms enriched in the upregulated genes in susceptible samples when compared with controls, after trimming for redundancy.en_ZA
dc.descriptionSupplementary Table 7. GO terms enriched in the upregulated genes in resistant samples when compared with controls, after trimming for redundancy.en_ZA
dc.descriptionSupplementary Table 8. Complete list of genes annotated with DRAGO 2 tool.en_ZA
dc.descriptionSupplementary Table 9. Genes used for calculating average log2(fold change) expression levels for Figures 5, 6.en_ZA
dc.descriptionData Sheet 1. Fasta file with de novo assembled Pinus pinaster transcripts.en_ZA
dc.description.abstractPine wilt disease (PWD), caused by the plant–parasitic nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, has become a severe environmental problem in the Iberian Peninsula with devastating effects in Pinus pinaster forests. Despite the high levels of this species’ susceptibility, previous studies reported heritable resistance in P. pinaster trees. Understanding the basis of this resistance can be of extreme relevance for future programs aiming at reducing the disease impact on P. pinaster forests. In this study, we highlighted the mechanisms possibly involved in P. pinaster resistance to PWD, by comparing the transcriptional changes between resistant and susceptible plants after infection. Our analysis revealed a higher number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in resistant plants (1,916) when compared with susceptible plants (1,226). Resistance to PWN is mediated by the induction of the jasmonic acid (JA) defense pathway, secondary metabolism pathways, lignin synthesis, oxidative stress response genes, and resistance genes. Quantification of the acetyl bromide-soluble lignin confirmed a significant increase of cell wall lignification of stem tissues around the inoculation zone in resistant plants. In addition to less lignified cell walls, susceptibility to the pine wood nematode seems associated with the activation of the salicylic acid (SA) defense pathway at 72 hpi, as revealed by the higher SA levels in the tissues of susceptible plants. Cell wall reinforcement and hormone signaling mechanisms seem therefore essential for a resistance response.en_ZA
dc.description.departmentBiochemistryen_ZA
dc.description.departmentGeneticsen_ZA
dc.description.departmentMicrobiology and Plant Pathologyen_ZA
dc.description.librarianam2022en_ZA
dc.description.sponsorshipFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)en_ZA
dc.description.urihttp://www.frontiersin.org/Plant_Scienceen_ZA
dc.identifier.citationModesto, I., Sterck, L., Arbona, V., Gomez-Cadenas, A., Carrasquinho, I., Van de Peer, Y. &. Miguel, C.M. (2021) Insights Into the Mechanisms Implicated in Pinus pinaster Resistance to Pinewood Nematode. Frontiers in Plant Science 12:690857. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.690857.en_ZA
dc.identifier.issn1664-462X (online)
dc.identifier.other10.3389/fpls.2021.690857
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/2263/84362
dc.language.isoenen_ZA
dc.publisherFrontiers Mediaen_ZA
dc.rights© 2021 Modesto, Sterck, Arbona, Gómez-Cadenas, Carrasquinho, Van de Peer and Miguel. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY).en_ZA
dc.subjectCell wall lignificationen_ZA
dc.subjectJasmonateen_ZA
dc.subjectMaritime pineen_ZA
dc.subjectResistance genesen_ZA
dc.subjectSecondary metabolismen_ZA
dc.subjectTranscriptomeen_ZA
dc.subjectBursaphelenchus xylophilusen_ZA
dc.subjectPine wilt disease (PWD)en_ZA
dc.subjectPinus pinasteren_ZA
dc.subjectDifferentially expressed genes (DEGs)en_ZA
dc.titleInsights into the mechanisms implicated in Pinus pinaster resistance to pinewood nematodeen_ZA
dc.typeArticleen_ZA

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