DATA AVAILABILITY : All the materials, raw data, and protocols used in the article are available upon request and without restriction. The data used in this article are available from Figshare (https:// figsh are. com/s/ 5640a 4e375 272e4 eebf1).
ADDITIONAL FILE 1: SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURE 1. Extrapolation of uncertainties associated with the global survey used in this study. SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURE 2. Main structure for the a priori structural equation model used in this study. SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURE 3. Structural equation models assessing the direct and indirect effects of environmental factors on the proportion (A) and richness (B) of ARGs in natural ecosystems only (i.e. croplands excluded, n = 802). SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURE 4. Global precipitation (A) and temperature (B) seasonality maps used in our study (https:// www. world clim. org/ data/ index. html). SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE 1. List of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) mobile genetic elements (MGEs) considered in this study. SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE 2. Biomes included in this study. The biome classification was done based on vegetation field information and climatic information from the Köppen classification16. SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE 3. Environmental factors included in our structural equation model. SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE 4. Standardized direct effects of SEM on the proportion of soil ARGs. SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE 5. Standardized direct effects of SEM on the richness of soil ARGs.