Abstract:
Native South Africans make use of Helichrysum aureonitens Sch. Bip. extracts for the
treatment of a variety of infections and they are important in traditional medicinal preparations. This
study investigated the effect of seasonal variation and geographical location on the antibacterial and
antifungal activities of H. aureonitens. Material was collected in two different seasons: early spring,
with high rainfall and high temperatures (October), and late autumn, with low rainfall and lower
temperatures (May). Further analysis was carried out using 1H-NMR based metabolomics to analyse
and compare the chemical profiles of the plants in both seasons and locations. Plant materials were
collected from two sites for each season, atWakefield farm (KwaZulu-Natal), representing a colder,
wetter environment, and Telperion (Mpumalanga), representing a drier and warmer environment.
Leaves of H. aureonitens were tested against bacteria (Proteus vulgaris (P. vulgaris) and Bacillus subtilis
(B. subtilis)) as well as fungi (Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus), Aspergillus nomius (A. nomius), Cladosporium
cladosporioides (C. cladosporioides), Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum) and Penicillum halotolerans
(P. halotolerans)). Extracts from the October harvest showed significant activities against the Gramnegative
bacterium P. vulgaris compared to the May harvest, with an MIC value of 62.5 g/mL.
Similar activity was observed between the extracts from the wet season across the two geographically
different locations. There was generally very good antifungal activity observed for all the species,
with the exception of A. nomius, which had MIC values ranging from 0.39–1.56 g/mL. Extracts of
plant materials harvested in the wetter region had a significantly higher activity against A. flavus and
F. oxysporum in both seasons than those from plants harvested in the drier region. Telperion-harvested
plants exhibited better activity against F. oxysporum in the autumn. Hydrogen-1 NMR metabolomic
analysis confirmed the significant effects of the seasons and the peculiar climates of different localities
on the secondary metabolite profile of H. aureonitens.
