Postembryonic development of the unique antenna of Mantophasmatodea (Insecta)
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Date
Authors
Hockman, Dorit
Picker, Mike D.
Klass, Klaus-Dieter
Pretorius, Leonie
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Elsevier
Abstract
The postembryonic antennal development and life cycle of a member of the insect order Mantophasmatodea (Lobatophasma redelinghuysense) was investigated using a series of annulus counts and a time sequence of head capsule measurements. The life cycle comprised six instars. Females achieved significantly larger head capsules from instar 2 onwards, resulting in adult females having a larger mean head capsule diameter (2.58 mm) than males (2.27 mm). Antennae of first instar larvae comprised a smooth four-segmented basiflagellum and a seven-segmented, sensilla-rich distiflagellum. Lengthening of the basiflagellum was achieved by the addition of two annuli per moult, generated by division of the basal annulus (meriston). Annulus number and the unique annulation pattern of the distiflagellum remained constant until adulthood. The segmentation pattern of adult antennae (comprising a basiflagellum
and a distiflagellum of 14 and seven annuli respectively) and mode of antennal longation was consistent for all 11 species examined. Subdivisions in basiflagellar annuli were observed in adults of all
species examined, although they are not considered to be true annular divisions. The structure of the mantophasmatodean antenna appears to be autapomorphic within Insecta, bearing little resemblance to that of Grylloblattodea, Dictyoptera or Phasmatodea, all putative sister groups of the antophasmatodea. However, the mode of flagellar elongation most closely resembles that of Isoptera, Blattaria and Dermaptera.
Description
Keywords
Antennal development, Life history, Insect phylogeny
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Citation
Hockman, D, Picker, MD, Klass, K-D & Pretorius, L 2009, ‘Postembryonic development of the unique antenna of Mantophasmatodea (Insecta)’, Arthropod Structure & Development, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 125–133. [http:// www.elsevier.com/science/journal/14678039]