Renewable energy strategies for alleviating energy poverty in informal settlements : a case study of Diepsloot-South Africa

Abstract

to modern and efficient energy services is necessary for inclusive economic growth, human well-being and poverty reduction. Energy security and access are recognised for playing major roles in socio-economic development. Eliminating energy poverty goes beyond electrification. It requires consideration of multiple factors such as reducing expenditure, access to energy appliances and equipment, safety and efficiency of energy sources for low -income households. The adoption of small- scale and off-grid systems has proliferated in developing countries, especially in rural areas as alternative options for grid-connected power systems. Renewable energy technologies such as mini-grid systems, solar home systems, solar cookers and appliances provide opportunities for communities to diversify their energy profile and improve their health because these technologies are cleaner and relatively safer than traditional energy sources. This study explores the challenges under energy poverty and energy use patterns in informal settlements. Furthermore, the knowledge and awareness of renewable energy technologies and alternative energy sources. Diepsloot which is an informal settlement in the City of Johannesburg was used as a case study. Analysing household energy consumption patterns and identifying the energy-related challenges, provides baseline information for addressing these challenges and implementing solutions that are fitted to the context and reality of the communities affected. The study employed an exploratory approach and a mixed methodology which included both qualitative and quantitative data analysis. For an in-depth analysis, tools such as structured field questionnaires, conversational interviews and direct observations were used. A total of 50 households were sampled in this study. The study found that kerosene was the most used among unelectrified households, while electricity was the most used amongst electrified households. Electrified households reported using secondary energy fuels as kerosene and gas when necessary. The analysis indicated that the majority of the households perceived their household energy usage as inadequate. While most households indicated the most crucial determinants in choosing an energy carrier was affordability, availability and the cleanliness. Energy usage is constrained by factors such as family size, safety and health. The findings reveal that knowledge of renewable energy systems and alternative appliances is limited amongst participants. However, willingness to engage and adopt alternatives is significantly high. Therefore, the study argues through the adoption of renewable energy technology, revised policy framework, capacity building and financial investment energy poverty can be addressed in South Africa.