Abstract:
BACKGROUND : Bush clearing of encroached rangelands is crucial for restoration of herbaceous cover and diversity.
Regeneration after bush clearing depends largely on the soil seed bank (SSB) size and composition. To assess the
potential of the SSB to facilitate post-clearing herbaceous restoration, we examined the SSB density, composition
and diversity and similarity between SSB and aboveground vegetation (AGV).
METHODS : The study was conducted in semi-arid rangelands of Maseding and Kgomokgomo in North-West
Province of South Africa. In each rangeland, all woody plants in three 1250 m2 plots were cut using saws and
loppers, with the stumps treated with picloram. Paired observations were conducted in cleared and uncleared
microsites. Soil samples were collected at three depths (0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm) in each microsite in April (pretreatment),
August, October and December 2016 and in April and August 2017. SSB was assessed using seedling
emergence method, whereas pre- and post-clearing surveys of AGV were conducted in February 2016 and 2017,
respectively.
RESULTS : Cleared microsites had significantly (p < 0.01) higher seed bank densities (1872 and 693 seeds m-2 at
Maseding and Kgomokgomo, respectively) relative to uncleared microsites in August 2017, with grasses accounting
for higher densities than other plant functional groups in the upper 0–10 cm. Pioneer grasses (Aristida congesta
subsp. barbicollis, Brachiaria eruciformis and Tragus berteronianus) and invasive forbs (Bidens pilosa and Schkuhria
pinnata) dominated the SSB in cleared microsites at Maseding, whereas succulents (Portulaca spp.) and pioneer
grasses (T. berteronianus and Urochloa mosambicensis) were abundant at Kgomokgomo in August 2017. SSB and
AGV were dissimilar until December 2016; thereafter, similarity increased significantly (p < 0.05) in cleared microsites
(Sørensen’s coefficient = 0.60 to 0.66 at Maseding and 0.43 to 0.52 at Kgomokgomo) compared to uncleared
microsites. Species diversity was highest in August 2016 and April 2017 at Maseding, but it did not differ between two microsites (p > 0.05). At Kgomokgomo, SSB was more diverse in cleared than uncleared microsites in April and
August 2017.
CONCLUSION : High seed bank densities in the upper soil layer in cleared microsites would promote passive
restoration, but regeneration is likely to be initiated by early successional species. However, close monitoring and
eradication of invasive forbs and succulents is necessary following bush clearing. The tendency of SSB resembling
AGV over time in cleared microsites signifies that seed production from AGV is important for passive restoration
following bush clearing.
Description:
Fig. S1. A diagram showing the layout of the
experiment and the distribution of plots at Maseding and Kgomokgomo
rangelands. The small white shaded squares are 1.7-m2 quadrats used for
herbaceous vegetation assessment. Table S1. Species abundance (%) of
the AGV during pre-treatment (PTT) in 2016 and in cleared and uncleared
microsites in 2017 at Maseding. Table S2. Species abundance (%) of the
AGV during pre-treatment (PTT) in 2016 and in cleared and uncleared
microsites in 2017 at Kgomokgomo