The fraction of Rhinovirus detections attributable to mild and severe respiratory illness in a setting of high human immunodeficiency virus prevalence, South Africa, 2013-2015

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Authors

Hellferscee, Orienka
Treurnicht, Florette K.
Walaza, Sibongile
Du Plessis, Mignon
Von Gottberg, Anne
Wolter, Nicole
Moyes, Jocelyn
Dawood, Halima
Variava, Ebrahim
Pretorius, Marthi Andréa

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Oxford University Press

Abstract

BACKGROUND : The association of rhinovirus (RV) detection to illness is poorly understood. METHODS : We enrolled case patients hospitalized with severe respiratory illness (SRI) at 2 hospitals and outpatients with influenza-like illness (ILI) and asymptomatic individuals (controls) from 2 affiliated clinics during 2013–2015. We compared the RV prevalence among ILI and SRI cases to those of controls stratified by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) serostatus using penalized logistic regression. The attributable fraction (AF) was calculated. RESULTS : During 2013–2015, RV was detected in 17.4% (368/2120), 26.8% (979/3654), and 23.0% (1003/4360) of controls, ILI cases, and SRI cases, respectively. The RV AF (95% confidence interval) was statistically significant among children aged <5 years (ILI: 44.6% [30.7%–55.7%] and SRI: 50.3% [38.6%–59.9%]; P < .001) and individuals aged ≥5 years (ILI: 62.9% [54.4%–69.8%] and SRI: 51.3% [38.7%–61.3%]; P < .001) as well as among HIV-infected (ILI: 59.9% [45.8%–70.3%] and SRI: 39.8% [22.3%–53.3%]; P < .001) and HIV-uninfected (ILI: 53.6% [44.7%–61.1%] and SRI: 55.3% [45.6%–63.2%]; P < .001) individuals. CONCLUSIONS : Although RV detection was common among controls, it was also associated with a substantial proportion of clinical illness across age groups, irrespective of HIV status.

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Keywords

Attributable fraction, Influenza-like illness (ILI), Severe respiratory illness, Rhinovirus (RV), Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Flu-like illness, Infections, South Africa (SA), Serotonin uptake inhibitors, Inpatients, Viruses

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Citation

Hellferscee, O., Treurnicht, F.K., Walaza, S. et al. 2019, 'The fraction of Rhinovirus detections attributable to mild and severe respiratory illness in a setting of high human immunodeficiency virus prevalence, South Africa, 2013-2015', Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 219, no. 11, pp. 1697-1704.