Abstract:
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the self-replicating hereditary material that provides a
blueprint which, in collaboration with environmental influences, produces a structural and functional
phenotype. As DNA coordinates and directs differentiation, growth, survival, and reproduction, it is
responsible for life and the continuation of our species. Genome integrity requires the maintenance of
DNA stability for the correct preservation of genetic information. This is facilitated by accurate DNA
replication and precise DNA repair. DNA damage may arise from a wide range of both endogenous
and exogenous sources but may be repaired through highly specific mechanisms. The most common
mechanisms include mismatch, base excision, nucleotide excision, and double-strand DNA (dsDNA)
break repair. Concurrent with regulation of the cell cycle, these mechanisms are precisely executed to
ensure full restoration of damaged DNA. Failure or inaccuracy in DNA repair contributes to genome
instability and loss of genetic information which may lead to mutations resulting in disease or loss of
life. A detailed understanding of the mechanisms of DNA damage and its repair provides insight
into disease pathogeneses and may facilitate diagnosis and the development of targeted therapies.
