Abstract:
We review some of the most commonly known models in restoration ecology from the past 20 years. From these, we seek to
identify essential elements required for the scaling-up and mainstreaming of restoration and, based on that, develop a new
framework that could be used to assist in the realization of long-lasting and effective restoration policies and programs at the
landscape and larger spatial scales. We argue that the reference model is particularly important at a time when there are urgent
calls and investments for scaling-up restoration to the landscape scale. At that scale, we argue, it is essential to consider both
ecological restoration and ecological rehabilitation as just two of the various components in a ‘‘family’’ of restorative activities
that must be deployed, including changed management practices for agriculture, to make ongoing human activities and land
uses more ecologically sound and sustainable. In conclusion, we present a new model that could help orient if not actually
design planning, monitoring and evaluation, scaling-up, and applying restorative activities in new areas.
