1936 Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Industry, Volume 7, 1936

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Contentes Pages: Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, Vol ??, 19??

CONTENTS

*Volume 7: Number 1*

Orbituary: Sir Arnold Theiler

Section I: Virus Diseases

Studies on the neurotropic virus of horsesickness. V. The antigenic response of horses to simultaneous trivalent immunization	Alexander, RA	11

Horsesickness : immunization of horses and mules in the field during the season 1934-1935 with a description of the technique of preparation of polyvalent mouse neurotropic vaccine	Alexander, RA, Neitz, WO & Du Toit, PJ	17

Section II: Parasitology

Notes on species of Trichodectidae with descriptions of new genera and species	Bedford, GAH	33

New species of Linognathus and Polyplax (Anoplura)	Bedford, GAH	59

Description of a new species of Hippobosca (Diptera pupipara)	Bedford, GAH	67

A synoptic checklist and hostlist of the ectoparasites found on South African Mammalia, Aves, and Reptilia (supplement I)	Bedford, GAH	69

Section III: Bacteriology

Pasteurellosis: an outbreak amongst sheep	Henning, MW & Brown, MHV	113

The isolation of single bacterial cells	Mason, JH	133

The production of immunity to Cl. chauvoei	Mason, JH & Scheuber, JR	143

Section IV: Plant Studies and Poisonous Plants

Recent investigations into the toxicity of known and unknown poisonous plants in the Union of South Africa	Steyn, DG	169

Section V: Mineral Metabolism

Studies in mineral metabolism. XXXIV. The effect of sulphur upon the weight and wool production of sheep when food intake is not limited	Du Toit, PJ, Malan, AI, Groenewald, JW & Botha, ML	181

Sulphur metabolism. II. The distribution of sulphur in the tissues of rats fed rations with and without the addition of elementary sulphur	Kellermann, JH	189

Sulphur metabolism. III. The effect of flowers of sulphur on the growth of young rats fed an otherwise well-balanced ration	Kellermann, JH	199

Sulphur metabolism. IV. The oxidation and reduction of elementary sulphur by animal tissues in vitro	Kellermann, JH	209

Section VI: Sex Physiology

Studies in sex physiology, No. 14. The situation of the developing foetus in the uterus of the live Merino sheep	Curson, HH & Quinlan, J	227

Studies in sex physiology, No. 15. Further observations on the body weight and crown-rump length of Merino foetuses	Malan, AP & Curson, HH	239

Studies in sex physiology, No. 16. Surface area in the foetus of the Merino sheep	Malan, AP & Curson, HH	251

Studies in sex physiology, No. 17. The extent of the gravid Merino uterus in relation to the vertebral column in the dorsal recumbent position and the weights of the gravid uterus and foetus in relation to the general body weight	Curson, HH & Malan, AP	261

Section VII: Pathology

A contribution to the study of the pathology of oesophagostomiasis in sheep	Fourie, PJJ	277

Section VIII: Photosensitisation

Studies on the photosensitisation of animals in South Africa. IX. The bile flow of the Merino sheep under various conditions	Quin, JI	351

Section IX: Miscellaneous

Anatomical studies, No. 61. A comparison of two of the so-called Zebus	Curson, HH	371



*Volume 7: Number 2*

Section I: Parasitology

Anthelmintic tests, chiefly with tetrachlorethylene, for the removal of the hookworm, Gaigeria pachyscelis, from infested sheep, with observations on the effects of this drug on other parasitic nematodes	Ortlepp, RJ & Monnig, HO	399

A new fly repellent and a blowfly dressing. Preliminary report	Monnig, HO	419

Section II: Bacteriology

The toxin of Clostridium chauvoei	Mason, JH	433

Section III: Plant Studies and Poisonous Plants

Chemical studies upon the vermeerbos, Geigeria aspera Harv. I. Isolation of a bitter principle "geigerin"	Rimington, C & Roets, GCS	485

Chemical studies upon the vermeerbos, Geigeria aspera, Harv. II. Isolation of the active principle "vermeeric acid"	Rimington, C, Roets, GCS & Steyn, DG	507

Section IV: Mineral Metabolism and Deficiency

Studies in mineral metabolism XXXV. The role of iodine in the nutrition of sheep	Malan, AI, Du Toit, PJ & Groenewald, JW	523

Section V: Pathology

The occurrence of congenital porphyrinuria (pink tooth) in cattle in South Africa (Swaziland)	Fourie, PJJ	535

Some cases of congenital porphyrinuria in cattle: chemical studies upon the living animals and post-mortem material	Rimington, C	567

Section VI: Animal Husbandry

A contribution to the study of African native cattle	Curson, HH & Thornton, RW	613

Author index		741

Subject index		743

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 33

The toxin of Clostridium chauvoei
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1936) Mason, J.H.; Du Toit, P.J.
(1) In culture filtrates of Cl. chauvoei two antigens have been demonstrated (a) a toxin, and (b) a heat stable antigen. The toxin can best be demonstrated by injecting filtrate intradermically into guinea-pigs, particularly if adrenalin is incorporated in the filtrate. The presence of the heat stable antigen is proved if toxin-free (heated) bacilli are injected into sheep; after a suitable interval these are immune to the inoculation of living culture. (2) The toxin, or its atoxic modification, stimulates the formation of antitoxin when injected into animals, whereas the heat stable antigen does not do so. (3) The toxin is neutralizable by homologous antitoxin, by Cl. septicum antitoxin and to a slight extent by the sera of some normal bovines and rabbits. (4) The toxins of four different strains of Cl. chauvoei have been found to be indistinguishable serologically. (5) There is no correlation between the amount of circulating antitoxin in an animal and the power of the animal to resist the inoculation of living culture. (6) There is a correlation between the amount of circulating antitoxin in an animal and its power of resisting toxin, injected intravenously or intradermically. (7) The evidence points to the heat stable antigen being the important one in the production of immunity to Cl. chauvoei culture.
Studies on the photosensitisation of animals in South Africa. IX. The bile flow of the Merino sheep under various conditions
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1936) Quin, J.I.; Du Toit, P.J.
In the various experiments outlined above, attempts have been made to elucidate some of the important factors influencing the normal bile excretion in Merino sheep. This work was undertaken primarily with the view of explaining the severe generalised icterus seen in the disease geeldikkop caused by excessive ingestion of wilted Tribulus plants. In this disease the icterus is of an exceptionally intense paralytic nature in which the liver appears to lose all power of bile excretion, with the result that the bile is regurgitated into the blood and lymph stream. Except for the bile pigmentation there is, however, little morphological change of the liver parenchyme to indicate the type of damage caused. The effect, therefore, seems to consist very largely of a functional derangement of the liver. In previous articles of this series, it was pointed out that administration of the plant Lippia although in no way related to Tribulus, provoked a closely similar or identical symptom complex in experimental sheep. Moreover the symptoms following surgical obstruction to the bile flow appeared to be the same. The only difference between the latter condition and that caused either by Lippia or Tribulus is the marked cavernous like dilatations of the extra and intrahepatic bile tracts above the point of obstruction following ligation of the common bile duct. In Lippia and Tribulus poisoning it would appear that the liver makes no such attempt at accommodating the bile in its own channels. In the sheep there is no physiological bilirubinaemia comparable to that found in some other species of domesticated animals. Judging from the clear appearance of the serum and the absence of pigments from it one can conclude that bile elimination is very efficient and that the liver treats the bile pigments as non-threshold bodies. In spite of this efficiency, however, the bile flow can be very severely depressed or totally inhibited in cases of Tribulosis or Lippia poisoning thus leading to a pronounced degree of icterus. From the results obtained from sheep with a biliary fistula it is seen that the daily bile flow amounts to volumes of over 200 c.c. When, therefore, elimination is interfered with, the severity of the jaundice can be well understood. The kidneys under these conditions compensate to some degree for the loss of the liver function as shown by the intensely yellow brown urine voided. The compensation however is not complete since the jaundice persists as long as liver action remains distended. Investigations carried out on the effect of cholagogues on the bile flow of these experimental animals show that the dosing of bile definitely causes an increase in the bile flow from the liver. Bile elimination may however proceed at a steady rate in the absence of any bile constituents returning to the liver, i.e. the entero-hepatic bile salt circulation is not essential for the continued excretion of bile in the sheep. Moreover the appetite and digestion of such fistula annuals are fairly well maintained although a slow and progressive decrease in the body weight is frequently noticeable, this being more evident in some animals than in others. Under the influence of Lippia poisoning, the bile flow of experimental sheep can be very promptly depressed and ultimately even completely inhibited. The main effect of the Lippia toxin on the liver is as yet not clearly understood. It appears to have a paralysing effect on the normal bile excretion for although the liver cells themselves are still capable of allowing the bile to pass through as indicated by the direct van den Bergh reaction, the bile tracts including the smallest bile capillaries seem to be incapable of moving the bile in the normal manner and at the normal rate towards the large bile tracts. This sluggishness in the bile flow results in some of the biliary constituents, e.g. the pigments to escape into the small blood and lymph vessels and so carried back into the general circulation where an extensive and severe jaundice may be caused. The difficulty in explaining the genesis of the icterus arises from the fact that morphological changes in the liver may be slight even in very severe cases of jaundice. This point has also been stressed by other workers. Thus Cantarow and Stewart, studying the morphological changes in the liver and bile passages of cats with total biliary obstruction, state that "these observations seem to indicate that there is no demonstrable correlation in individual instances, between the changes in the liver and bile ducts and the serum bilirubin concentration at any given time during the period of total bile stasis''. The various experiments undertaken with the object of re-establishing the normal bile flow after the onset of Lippia jaundice, have been disappointing in that none of the cholagogues or purgatives used had any definite beneficial effect on the icterus and on the bile flow. Improvement, when it did come about, appeared as a slow process and governed by the powers of the body itself. Other liver poisons, such as chloroform and phosphorus which were also studied, caused acute and severe fatty changes of the liver and frequently accompanied by bilirubinaemia. In no case however was the same intense and persistent jaundice of "geeldikkop" or Lippia poisoning observed.
Recent investigations into the toxicity of known and unknown poisonous plants in the Union of South Africa
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1936) Steyn, D.G.; Du Toit, P.J.
Chemical studies upon the vermeerbos, Geigeria aspera, Harv. II. Isolation of the active principle "vermeeric acid"
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1936) Rimington, C.; Roets, G.C.S.; Steyn, D.G.; Du Toit, P.J.
1. The toxic principle of the Vermeerbos, Geigeria aspera, has been isolated. It is a dibasic acid C₁₈H₂₈O₇ and has been named “Vermeeric acid”. On standing in the air, Vermeeric acid gradually loses two molecules of water forming the crystalline dilactone "Vermeerin" C₁₈H₂₁O₅. 2. Vermeerin has M.P. 143° but Vermeeric acid is optically inactive. 3. Both substances, like Geigerin, give a colour reaction with hydrochloric acid but the colour is browner, and in the case of Vermeerin it is of very slight intensity. An absorption band at 546.5 mμ could be distinguished and two other bands were faintly discernible. 4. Vermeeric acid forms a 2:4 dinitrophenylhydrazone soluble in sodium carbonate and reprecipitated by acids. This derivative appears to contain H₂O less than that expected upon the assumption of a simple reaction and it is thought probable that closure of one lactone ring simultaneously occurs. Vermeerin when treated with hot Brady's reagent reacts to such a very slight extent that the absence of any ketonic or keto-enolic function is inferred in the undecomposed substance. 5. Vermeeric acid decolorises potassium permanganate in the cold. By oxidation with this reagent in alkaline solution at the boiling temperature there was obtained an acid crystallising in small prismatic needles M.P. 229-30° and a substance which when treated with cold dilute acid immediately liberated acetaldehyde, the 2:4 dinitrophenylhydrazone of which was prepared for identification. 6. Accompanying Vermeeric acid in the plant were found two flavone-like substances, the one with M.P. 269-71° being, in all probability C₁₇H₁₂O₆(CH₃O)₂, the other, M.P. 243-4°, having the formula C₁₉H₁₈O₇ (methoxyl not determined). 7. Vermeeric acid drenched to sheep in doses of 10 to 15 gm. causes death from acute vermeersiekte within 6 to 48 hours.
Chemical studies upon the vermeerbos, Geigeria aspera Harv. I. Isolation of a bitter principle "geigerin”
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1936) Rimington, C.; Roets, G.C.S.; Du Toit, P.J.
l. There has been isolated from toxic consignments of Geigeria aspera, Harv. a neutral lactonic bitter principle to which the name Geigerin has been assigned. This substance, though not the true toxic principle, would appear to be not altogether devoid of pharmacological properties. 2. Geigerin has the formula C₁₅H₂₀O₄ and crystallises from water or moist organic solvents with 1 molecule of water of crystallisation. It exhibits isomerism, the melting points of the two varieties, when anhydrous, being 169° and 189° but preliminary softening with liberation of water from the hydrated prisms is observed at about 68° and 76° respectively. No matter which isomer is used, the same optical activity is exhibited in the same solvent. 3. There are some grounds for believing the isomerism to be due to keto-enol tautomerism, although no hydroxyl group could be detected by acetylation under various conditions. 4. Geigerin forms a 2:4 dinitrophenylhydazone in the presence of hydrochloric acid, but attempts to prepare derivatives of the ketonic function in the absence of an acid failed. 5. Potassium permanganate is not decolorised by the substance in the cold neither can any acetone be recovered after the action of chromic acid under the proper conditions for the oxidation of isopropyl side-chains to acetone. Such a group is therefore not present in Geigerin. 6. Cold hydrochloric acid of concentration over 10 per cent. affords a very striking colour reaction with Geigerin. The substance dissolves easily, forming a cherry-red solution which shows absorption bands at 543, 506 and 466 mμ. In time, the colour becomes more brown in tint. 7. Geigerin is a monolactone and the corresponding acid, Geigeric acid, has been prepared and found to crystallise in plates. 8. When Geigerin is boiled for l hour with concentrated hydrochloric acid the cerise colour changes to brown and from the reaction mixture an acid was isolated in the form of its methyl ester melting at 98.5°. 9. From results reported in the following communication, it would appear that Geigerin is closely related, chemically, to the active principle of the plant which causes vermeersiekte. Preliminary degradation experiments indicate that on potash fusion a mixture of liquid rancid-smelling acids is produced, and certain reactions suggest that these may belong to the polymethylene series of compounds. 10. On distillation at low temperature with zinc dust, fluorescent, oily aromatic substances are produced. At 700° naphthalene is formed. 11 . When Geigerin is oxillised by hot alkaline potassium permanganate, there arises an acidic fraction from which the methyl ester of an acid, probably in C₁₀H₁₃O₃ (OCH₃), was isolated in crystalline form, M.P. 115-6⁰, and also a neutral, non-volatile substance soluble in ether and slightly soluble in water, which on treatment with dilute mineral acid in the cold at once liberates acetaldehyde. The exact nature of this material awaits further investigation, but attention is drawn to the analogous behaviour of the acetals. 12. It would appear from the literature that Geigerin is in all probability identical with the substance extracted by Thoms from Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium in 1891 and named by him "Pyrethrosin". His formula for this substance C₃₄H₄₄O₁₀ was put forward with some reserve. 13. Preliminary pharmacological experiments upon rabbits, sheep and cats are reported.
Studies in sex physiology, No. 15. Further observations on the body weight and crown-rump length of Merino foetuses
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1936) Malan, A.P.; Curson, H.H.; Du Toit, P.J.
1. The relationship between C.R. length and weight of two series of foetuses from Grootfontein School of Agriculture, Cape Province, and Ermelo, Transvaal, is considered. 2. The thirteen foetuses used in Sex Physiology Study No. 13, which is part of the Grootfontein series, were employed to determine a relationship between weight and C.R. length along the curvature of the back. 3. It is suggested that for uniformity more attention be paid towards adopting a definite length measurement as a standard for studies in foetal growth.
Subject index
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1936) Anonymous; Du Toit, P.J.
A contribution to the study of African native cattle
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1936) Curson, H.H.; Thornton, R.W.; Du Toit, P.J.
Since the Questionnaire dealt essentially with African cattle and only incidentally with cattle in certain countries outside Africa, it seems advisable to conclude by referring firstly to the position within Africa and secondly to the position without Africa. (a) AFRICAN CATTLE. (1) While the replies to the Questionnaire provide a proportion of the data presented, it is manifest that the scope of the investigation was extended chiefly by including territories not originally circularised. In the vast majority of cases it was the veterinary officials who furnished the particulars required. (2) Owing to the interval which has elapsed between the issue of the Questionnaire and the completion of this compilation, much light has been thrown upon the subject of African Cattle Husbandry generally, e.g. origin, conformation and classification. This recent information accordingly rules out certain questions which were asked in 1931. A striking example is the territorial distribution of cattle types, a description of which was given in a paper at the 1935 (September) meeting of the South African Veterinary Medical Association [see Jl. S.A. Vet. Med. Assn. VII (1) 1936]. (3) It was realised that the incorporation of information bearing on environmental features and production would be unsatisfactory. Not only were the replies in some instances silent in this respect, but in others, the details were exceedingly meagre. (4) Accordingly it was felt that it would be best to concentrate upon a description of the cattle types and their distribution, but where some feature referred to in the previous paragraph had received special attention, e.g. milk production by Anderson in Kenya, it was included. (5) Of the several methods possible to describe the distribution of the several types, it was decided to take the logical, namely the territories occurring along the various migration routes in their chronological order. (6) Where territories have been omitted, e.g. Italian and Spanish colonies, this is due to the absence of details, although in most cases it is possible to deduce the state of affairs. (7) There is little doubt but that originally all cattle, except the ancient Hamitic Longhorn of Egypt, came from Asia. All migrations passed through North-East Africa, chiefly Egypt, except the Shorthorned Zebu which was also introduced along the east coast of Africa as far South as the Zambesi River. (8) The probable migration paths to and in Africa and the likely periods this occurred are shown in Map I. (9) The present approximate distribution is shown in Map II, due allowance having been made for Glossina and desert regions, e.g. Sahara desert. (10) Of still greater importance would be a map indicating the approximate numerical distribution of cattle such as appearing in Bosman's Cattle Farming in South Africa. In this case a dot represents 1,000 head of cattle in his Map I. (11) Apart from the distribution having been indicated in Map II, the position has been summarised at the end of the description of each migration, e.g. pp. 644-645 and 672-674. (12) Although only of secondary consideration the information presented in the contribution may be helpful to anthropologists. Dart (1933) states that "There is no more vital aspect of anthropology than the study of domestic animals". It is therefore hoped from an anthropological aspect that the evidence afforded by the migration routes and present distribution will be at least as valuable as that derived from other branches of science, particularly the study of human types including cranial measurements, blood groups, languages, customs, utensils, etc. (13) A striking fact is that the French authorities possess excellent text-books on the livestock of their colonies, whereas such information concerning British territories is scattered throughout annual reports. (14) Investigation is required regarding the distribution of cattle types in West Africa and upon such matters as degeneration of horns (unassociated with grading up with Brachyceros) as described along the littoral of French Dahomey and in the Transkei, Union of South Africa (Thompson, 1932), genetics of coloration, hump, etc. (15) It is noteworthy that no veterinary department exists in either Gambia or Sierra Leone. (16) This survey indicates that in addition to the three parent stocks (Hamitic Longhorn, Brachyceros and Lateral-horned Zebu) and the three derived types (Shorthorned Zebu, Sanga and Lyrehorned Zebu), there are possibly two other distinct derived types. These are both in West Africa and result from the intermixture of Brachyceros and Hamitic Longhorn in the one case (Mandingo), and Brachyceros and the thoracic humped Zebu in the other. (17) Finally, the photographs reproduced constitute the most comprehensive set yet published. (b) EXTRA-AFRICAN CATTLE. Although the original intention of the Questionnaire was to investigate the relationship of certain African and extra-African cattle, based on conformation or coloration, recent independent observations, chiefly by Epstein, rule out the necessity of proceeding in this direction. As a matter of interest, however, a resume has been given of the position in the countries concerned.
Author index
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1936) Anonymous; Du Toit, P.J.
Some cases of congenital porphyrinuria in cattle: chemical studies upon the living animals and post-mortem material
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1936) Rimington, C.; Du Toit, P.J.
Of several living bovine cases of congenital porphyrinuria, discovered on a farm in Swaziland and all the progeny of a single pure-bred shorthorn bull (see Fourie, 1936), one animal was slaughtered for experimental purposes. This case, a castrated male, 2 years 4 months old, showed definite clinical symptoms of photosensitisation and passed a port wine-red coloured urine, exhibiting porphyrin absorption bands. The bones were found to be coloured a mahogany brown and on transverse section, concentric rings of lighter and deeper pigmentation were seen. The cartilages were normal. Employing, in general, Fischer's methods, the individual organs and tissues were examined for porphyrins and pure crystalline materials (methyl esters) obtained as follows: Urine, Uroporphyrin (275-7°) Coproporphyrin I (233-5°); Faeces, Coproporphyrin I (243-4°) and its Copper complex; Blood plasma, Coproporphyrin I (243-5°); Erythrocytes, Coproporphyrin I (241°); Bones, Uroporphyrin (276-7°) and from a small sample derived from another case Uroporphyrin (273-4°); these esters had copper complexes 311-4° and 310-3° respectively. From the mother liquors of the main crystallisation was isolated an Uroporphyrin with ester M.P. 253-5° but yielding a normal copper salt. From Bone Marrow, Uroporphyrin (278°) and Coproporphyrin I (244-5°); Spleen, Uroporphyrin (278°) ; Liver, Uroporphyrin together with its copper complex (313°); Bile, Coproporphyrin I (237°). In other instances the yields of pure pigment were too small for identification by other than spectroscopic measurements (see chart in text of paper). The significance of these pigments, belonging to the I series of porphyrins, is discussed in relation to normal haemoglobin synthesis and catabolism and the derangements of pigment metabolism occurring in disease and certain states of intoxication such as lead, sulphonal poisoning, etc. A suggestion is made as to the nature of the anomaly in congenital porphyrinuria and a provisional scheme of pigment metabolism mapped out. I wish to thank Mr . G. Roets, B.Sc., for his generous assistance in the laborious task of working up the large quantities of material employed in this investigation and my colleague, Dr. Fourie, for the benefit of many discussions.
The occurrence of congenital porphyrinuria (pink tooth) in cattle in South Africa (Swaziland)
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1936) Fourie, P.J.J.; Du Toit, P.J.
1. The occurrence of congenital porphyrinuria in 13 bovines, all of which are the progeny of one bull, is described. 2. 77 per cent. of the affected animals are males and 23 per cent. are females. In this respect the incidence of the condition resembles the analogous condition in humans as well as the incidence of recorded cases of Alcaptonuria and albinism thought to be hereditarily transmitted as recessive characters. 3. The available evidence strongly suggests the hereditary transmission of the condition through a particular bull. 4. Details of the clinical symptoms of four cases are presented. These are the first animal cases of the anomaly available for clinical examination. The teeth are brownish pink, but the enamel is not pigmented. The poor condition and the scabs and crusts on parts of the skin unprotected by hair, are mainly due to the effects of photosensitization. The urine is amber, brown or reddish brown in colour and contains amongst other uro- and copro-porphyrin. 5. "Pink tooth" is suggested as the popular name for the animal cases. This emphasises the clinical feature of the anomaly by means of which it can be easily differentiated from redwater (piroplasmosis).
Studies in mineral metabolism XXXV. The role of iodine in the nutrition of sheep
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1936) Malan, A.I.; Du Toit, P.J.; Groenewald, J.W.; Du Toit, P.J.
When the daily ration of Merino ewes contained 0.05 gm. KI for a period of about twelve months no effects were observed in bodyweight and food consumption. Reproduction was, however, abnormal in all the groups receiving the KI supplement, the effects of which were more pronouncedly deleterious in sheep on a carotene low diet than when 200 grm. greenfeed were supplied daily. The response to increased protein feeding in the form of bloodmeal was marked by the detrimental effect of KI on reproduction. As all the rations can easily be improved both in quality and palatability it cannot be inferred that the quantity of KI given will affect reproduction in sheep adversely under ideal feeding conditions. The conclusion is justified, however, that when greenfeed is absent or inadequate as frequently happens in practice good quality protein is not available and the incorporation of KI in sheep licks is distinctly dangerous and may even cause losses due to abnormal reproduction.
A new fly repellent and a blowfly dressing. Preliminary report
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1936) Monnig, H.O.; Du Toit, P.J.
It is shown that the steam-distilled oil of the plant Tagetes minima has strong repellent properties for blowflies and that it is suitable for use in a blowfly dressing. Carbon tetrachloride and tetrachlorethylene are excellent larvicides for use against blowfly maggots, but tetrachlorethylene is irritating on wounds. Both these drugs are distinctly more effective than benzine. Emulsions of the abovementioned substances are suitable as blowfly dressings and woolgrease was found to be the most satisfactory emulsifier. Particulars are given in regard to the preparation of a suitable emulsion.
Anthelmintic tests, chiefly with tetrachlorethylene, for the removal of the hookworm, Gaigeria pachyscelis, from infested sheep, with observations on the effects of this drug on other parasitic nematodes
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1936) Ortlepp, R.J.; Monnig, H.O.; Du Toit, P.J.
1. Doses of 3, 4, 5, 6, 10 and 15 c.c. of pure Tetrachlorethylene per sheep are not efficient for the removal of the hookworm – G. pachyscelis. 2. Doses of 3, 4, 5 and 6 c.c. pure Carbon tetrachloride are not efficient for the removal of the hookworm – G. pachyscelis. 3. A dose of 8 c.c. of a half-and-half mixture of Tetrachlorethylene and Carbon tetrachloride is not efficient for the removal of the hookworm – G. pachyscelis. 4. Doses of 1, 3 and 5 c.c. of Stafford Allen's Extract of Pyrethrum M.225 had no effect in the removal of hookworm – G. pachyscelis. 5. When dosed into the abomasum after administering 10 c.c. of a 2 per cent. Copper sulphate solution, 5 c.c. of Tetrachlorethylene in mineral oil was ineffective whilst 10 c.c. was very effective for removal of the hookworm – G. pachyscelis. After 2.5 c.c. of 10 per cent. Copper sulphate a dose of 5 c.c. was fairly effective. 6. n-Butyl chloride in 10 c.c. doses was only partially effective for the removal of the hookworm – G. pachyscelis – when dosed after Copper sulphate solution. 7. In a flock of sheep badly infested with this hookworm and also with wireworms, trichostrongyles and nodular worms 10 c.c. pure Tetrachlorethylene in an equal volume of liquid paraffin administered three times immediately after drenching with 10 c.c. of 2 per cent. CuSO₄ solution at intervals of 10 to 14 days was very effective for the removal, directly or indirectly, of all these worms, giving a percentage cure of 97 for hookworms and 83 for all the other worms. 8. The undesirable effects of Tetrachlorethylene during administration, i.e. coughing and choking, can be overcome by using a soap emulsion of the drug. 9. Experiments carried out with a view to overcoming the rapid absorption of the drug from the alimentary tract and its sequelae, i.e. giddiness and reduced efficacy, are described.
Anatomical studies, No. 61. A comparison of two of the so-called Zebus
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1936) Curson, H.H.; Du Toit, P.J.
Summarising the position we have: Resemblances. 1. Both Zebu types originated in Asia. 2. Externally: (a) They have a coffin-shaped head with convex profile; (b) the dewlap is prominent; (c) the hump is well marked, but not characteristic, for it occurs also in the Sanga type. 3. Internally: (a) The thoracic vertebrae from No. 6 backwards have bifid spines. 4. Both have adapted themselves well to unfavourable environmental conditions, e.g. poor pasture, and parasites. Differences. 1. Origin: Lateral-horned Zebu originate from a pure parent stock while Shorthorned Zebu are a derived type arising through intermixture of Lateralhorned Zebu and Brachyceros. 2. Arrival in Africa: Lateral-horned Zebu arrived in pre-Christian times while Shorthorned Zebu arrived in Christian times. 3. Distribution in Africa: Lateral-horned Zebu are scattered and mainly south of the Zambesi River while Shorthorned Zebu form compact groups chiefly in East Africa, north of the Zambesi River. 4. Horns: Lateral-horned Zebu have horns which are oval in cross-section, long and laterally placed while Shorthorned Zebu have horns which are circular at the base, short to medium length and upright. 5. Hump: Lateral-horned Zebu have cervico-thoracic humps which are muscular while Shorthorned Zebu have thoracic humps which are musculo-fatty.
A contribution to the study of the pathology of oesophagostomiasis in sheep
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1936) Fourie, P.J.J.; Du Toit, P.J.
(1) Although toxins for the experimental reproduction of the disease have not actually been obtained from the nodular worms, there is very strong circumstantial evidence that during the course of the disease poisonous substances are formed and that these can produce the symptoms, lesions and death in the absence of bacterial and other complications. (2) Although insufficient cases were available for haematological study, there seems to be a possibility that the toxic action of the parasites may also produce a certain amount of atrophy of the haemopoietic tissues leading to oligocythaemia, but a deficiency of the red cells to the extent of a clinical anaemia was not observed. In some cases there is an eosinophilia. Whether this is due to their increased production in the myeloid tissues and their subsequent mobilization, or, whether they are produced locally in the walls of the intestine and are released temporarily into the circulation at the conclusion of the active tissue verminosis, cannot be stated with certainty. (3) In some cases bacterial complications producing various forms of superficial and/or deep enteritis, as well as peritonitis, are contributory factors in the causation of symptoms and mortality in the disease. (4) In some of the lesions there is a definite anatomical basis for the development of partial stenosis and intussusception. Apart from such accidents, the nodules themselves, even though they may be responsible for very extensive tissue destruction, do not seem to produce nutritive or other disturbances, in the absence of parasites in the lumen of the intestine and in the absence of bacterial complications.
Studies in sex physiology, No. 17. The extent of the gravid Merino uterus in relation to the vertebral column in the dorsal recumbent position and the weights of the gravid uterus and foetus in relation to the general body weight
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1936) Curson, H.H.; Malan, A.P.; Du Toit, P.J.
The increasing extent of the gravid uterus is well-illustrated in the Figs. 1, 3, 5, 8, 11, and 13, and the relationship [see column (9) of Table I] to the vertebral axis in Figs. 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10 and 12. The weights of the unopened uterus and of the foetus alone are expressed as percentages of ewe weight (minus unopened uterus). Details are set down in columns (6) and (7) of Table I and a diagrammatic representation is given in the chart.
Studies in sex physiology, No. 16. Surface area in the foetus of the Merino sheep
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1936) Malan, A.P.; Curson, H.H.; Du Toit, P.J.
The increase in surface area of the Merino foetus is discussed. The relationship between surface area and body weight, as estimated from the present series of foetuses is expressed by the equation a=3.320w⁰‧⁷⁷⁸. Several charts are given to illustrate the features described.
Studies in sex physiology, No. 14. The situation of the developing foetus in the uterus of the live Merino sheep
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1936) Curson, H.H.; Quinlan, J.; Du Toit, P.J.
Sulphur metabolism. IV. The oxidation and reduction of elementary sulphur by animal tissues in vitro
(Pretoria : The Government Printer, 1936) Kellermann, J.H.; Du Toit, P.J.
1. Data are presented on the oxidation and reduction of elementary sulphur by animal tissues in vitro, and the enhancing or otherwise effects of certain chemicals on these reactions are also shown. 2. All protein tissues seem to be capable of reducing sulphur to H₂S. Acid (HCl) inhibits this reaction whereas alkalies and alkaline salts enhance it. 3. Similarly, acid inhibits and alkalies and alkaline buffers increase the oxidation of reduced sulphur to sulphate. An alkaline medium, rich in oxygen, is therefore essential for the oxidation and detoxication of H₂S. This is readily accomplished in blood where these conditions are excellently fulfilled. Nevertheless, all tissues in the animal organism should be able to oxidize sulphides, in view of the fact that oxygen (e.g. H₂O₂) and phosphates (buffers) are present in all tissues. 4. The chief, if not the sole, effect of alkali on the oxidation of sulphur seems to be to bind and concentrate the reduced sulphur in the solution where it is then oxidized to sulphate by the oxygen present in the corpuscles, in the case of blood, or by atmospheric oxygen, in the case of other tissues. Furthermore, the oxidation of sulphur by tissues under laboratory conditions is not influenced by enzyme activity, in view of the fact that no difference was found in the oxidation of H₂S by fresh, boiled or dried tissue suspensions in an alkaline (Na₂CO₃) thymol-Ringer solution. As a matter of fact the oxidation of H₂S also took place with relative ease in alkaline (and buffer) solutions without the presence of tissues. 5. Similarly, the reduction of sulphur by animal tissues is not due to enzyme activity because the reaction took place in tissues that were boiled previous to their incubation with sulphur in a very strong antiseptic solution. 6. A dose parallelism was found to exist, under laboratory conditions, between the increases in the oxidation of sulphur and (as a result of) the different percentages (on the dry basis) of modified Steenbock salts 40 added to the intestinal contents of the rats fed an ash and protein-free ration. This suggests that a diet with an excess of base-forming elements may be of importance in the oxidation and detoxication of sulphides in cases where large amounts of H₂S are formed in the digestive tract. 7. The possibility of beneficial effects arising from injecting (subcutaneously or intramuscularly) a colloidal suspension of sulphur in an alkaline solution as an antidote in certain cases of acute poisoning is discussed.

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