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dc.contributor.author | Mixao, Verónica![]() |
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dc.contributor.author | Barriga, Daniel Bravo![]() |
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dc.contributor.author | Parreira, Ricardo![]() |
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dc.contributor.author | Novo, Maria Teresa![]() |
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dc.contributor.author | Sousa, Carla Alexandra![]() |
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dc.contributor.author | Frontera, Eva![]() |
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dc.contributor.author | Venter, Marietjie![]() |
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dc.contributor.author | Braack, L.E.O.![]() |
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dc.contributor.author | Almeida, Antonio Paulo Gouveia![]() |
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dc.date.accessioned | 2017-01-12T05:07:00Z | |
dc.date.available | 2017-01-12T05:07:00Z | |
dc.date.issued | 2016-11-25 | |
dc.description | Additional file 1: Characters used to distinguish Cx. univittatus and Cx. perexiguus. | en_ZA |
dc.description | Additional file 2: Samples analysed with respective morphological and molecular data. | en_ZA |
dc.description | Additional file 3: cox1 mtDNA sequences retrieved from the GenBank database for sequence and phylogenetic analysis. | en_ZA |
dc.description | Additional file 4: Photos of male genitalia of Cx. univittatus from South Africa and Portuguese specimens. | en_ZA |
dc.description | Additional file 5: Data for the structures of male genitalia results of statistical analyses. | en_ZA |
dc.description | Additional file 6: Example of some results obtained in BOLD Systems identification tool. Percentage of similarity results and phylogenetic trees are shown. | en_ZA |
dc.description | Additional file 7: Variable sites found in a 637 bp region of cox1 mtDNA alignment of Univittatus subgroup. Abbreviations: SAfr, Culex univittatus from South Africa; Port, specimens from Portugal; Spai, specimens from Spain. | en_ZA |
dc.description | Additional file 8: Bayesian phylogenetic analysis (consensus tree) based on cox1 mosquito sequences. At specific branch nodes posterior probabilities ≥ 0.90 are indicated. The scale-bar indicates the number of nucleotide substitutions per site. The tree was rooted with a cox1 sequence from Ae. (Och.) caspius. | en_ZA |
dc.description | Additional file 9: Molecular phylogenetic analysis of a small fragment of the cox1 alignment, with a higher number of male sequences, by Maximum Likelihood. The tree with the highest log likelihood (-883.6486) is shown. The percentage of trees in which the associated taxa clustered together is shown next to the branches. The scale-bar indicates 0.02 substitutions per site. The analysis involved 90 nucleotide sequences. There were a total of 287 positions in the final dataset. | en_ZA |
dc.description | Additional file 10: Estimates of average evolutionary divergence in cox1 over sequence pairs within groups. The numbers of base substitutions per site from averaging over all sequence pairs within each group are shown. Standard error estimates are shown in the last column. The analysis involved 84 nucleotide sequences. Codon positions included were 1st + 2nd + 3rd + Noncoding. All positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated. There were a total of 637 positions in the final dataset. | en_ZA |
dc.description.abstract | BACKGROUND : Culex univittatus and Culex perexiguus mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are competent arbovirus vectors, but with unclear morphological differentiation. In Europe, and in the Iberian Peninsula in particular, the presence of either or both species is controversial. However, in order to conduct adequate surveillance for arboviruses in this region, it is crucial to clarify whether Cx. univittatus is present or not, as well as to critically assess existing differentiation tools. This study aimed to clarify this situation, by morphological and molecular phylogenetic comparison of Iberian specimens deemed as Cx. univittatus, with others of South African origin, i.e. from the type-locality region. METHODS : Thus, morphological characteristics useful to distinguish both species, such as midfemur pale line, hindfemur R ratio, seta g R1 ratio, seta f shape, length of ventral arm of phalosome and number of setae on IX tergal abdominal segment, were observed. A phylogenetic analysis based on cox1 mtDNA, of which there were no sequences from Cx. univittatus yet available in the GenBank database, was performed. RESULTS : This analysis showed that Iberian and South African specimens are morphologically similar, except for the length of the ventral arm of the phalosome, which was higher in the Iberian specimens. Although the Iberian specimens could not be accurately identified using BOLD Systems, phylogenetic analysis still grouped these closer to South African Cx. univittatus, than to Cx. perexiguus from Turkey and Pakistan, despite the observed segregation of both taxa as two individual monophyletic clusters with shared common ancestry. CONCLUSIONS : This survey demonstrates that the West Nile virus vector Cx. univittatus is present in the Iberian Peninsula. | en_ZA |
dc.description.department | Medical Virology | en_ZA |
dc.description.librarian | am2016 | en_ZA |
dc.description.sponsorship | This study was financed by: (i) Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal), through the project grant PTDC/SAU-SAP/113523/2009, and GHTM - UID/Multi/04413/2013, supporting mosquito collection in Portugal, and respective analysis of Portuguese and South African specimens; (ii) research project (IB10044) of the “Consejería de Economía, Comercio e Innovación” of the Extremadura regional Government (Spain), supported mosquito collection in Spain, and respective analysis; (iii) Grant or Cooperative Agreement with the National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Activity 23 (2012–2013): Surveillance for zoonotic vector borne neurological diseases in humans and animals in South Africa, Number [1U19GH000571], funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which supported mosquito collections in South Africa. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the Department of Health and Human Services. DBB holds a scholarship from the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports of Spain (FPU grant AP2010-5854). Part of this work was done during the stay of DBB in the Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM) in Lisbon, funded by Banco Santander, SA through program “Becas Iberoamérica. Jóvenes Profesores e Investigadores. Santander Universidades 2014”. APGA was the recipient of a Visiting Professor Program grant from the Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa, and grant SFRH/BSAB/1364/2013, FCT, Portugal. | en_ZA |
dc.description.uri | http://www.parasitesandvectors.com | en_ZA |
dc.identifier.citation | Mixao, V, Barriga, DB, Parreira, R, Novo, MT, Sousa, CA, Frontera, E, Venter, M, Braack, L & Almeida, APG 2016, 'Comparative morphological and molecular analysis confirms the presence of the West Nile virus mosquito vector, Culex univittatus, in the Iberian Peninsula', Parasite & Vectors, vol. 9, art. #601, pp. 1-13. | en_ZA |
dc.identifier.issn | 1756-3305 | |
dc.identifier.issn | 10.1186/s13071-016-1877-7 | |
dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/2263/58482 | |
dc.language.iso | en | en_ZA |
dc.publisher | BioMed Central | en_ZA |
dc.rights | © The Author(s). 2016 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. | en_ZA |
dc.subject | Culex perexiguus | en_ZA |
dc.subject | Culex univittatus | en_ZA |
dc.subject | Portugal | en_ZA |
dc.subject | Spain | en_ZA |
dc.subject | South Africa (SA) | en_ZA |
dc.subject | Morphological analysis | en_ZA |
dc.subject | Molecular analysis | en_ZA |
dc.subject | West Nile virus (WNV) | en_ZA |
dc.subject | Mosquito | en_ZA |
dc.subject | Iberian Peninsula | en_ZA |
dc.title | Comparative morphological and molecular analysis confirms the presence of the West Nile virus mosquito vector, Culex univittatus, in the Iberian Peninsula | en_ZA |
dc.type | Article | en_ZA |