Biological rhythms are rhythmic fluctuations of biological functions that occur in almost all organisms and on several time scales. These rhythms are generated endogenously and entail the coordination of physiological ...

Rodents are the most common laboratory animals all over the world, however, most studies on the effects of laboratory conditions on the behavior and physiology of the study animals have been performed on traditional ...

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play various important roles in promoting plant growth. Numerous environmental and evolutionary factors influence the response of plants to AMF. However, the importance of the individual ...

Heat waves are known for their disastrous mass die-off effects due to dehydration and cell damage, but little is known about the non-lethal consequences of surviving severe heat exposure. Severe heat exposure can cause ...

Lateralization is the functional control of certain behaviors in the brain being processed by either the left or right hemisphere. Behavioral asymmetries can occur at an individual and population level, although population-level ...

Activity of animals is influenced by ambient temperature and increasing temperatures brought about by climate change may impose a heat stress risk. Previous studies investigating the effect of heat waves on activity usually ...

The quality and quantity of light changes significantly over the course of the day. The effect of light intensity on physiological and behavioural responses of animals has been well documented, particularly during the ...

Exploratory behaviour, spatial learning and memory affect the survival of animals and appear to be dependent on the specific habitat that a species occupies. Good spatial navigation and memory are particularly important ...

Diurnality in rodents is relatively rare and occurs primarily in areas with low nighttime temperatures such as at high altitudes and desert areas. However, many factors can influence temporal activity rhythms of animals, ...

Urbanization, and the accompanying artificial light at night (ALAN), can disrupt the activity of animals. Such disruptions at the base of a food web can ripple through the ecosystem. Most studies of ALAN are performed in ...