dc.contributor.author |
Chan, Eva K.F.
|
|
dc.contributor.author |
Hardie, Rae-Anne
|
|
dc.contributor.author |
Petersen, Desiree C.
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|
dc.contributor.author |
Beeson, Karen
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|
dc.contributor.author |
Bornman, Maria S. (Riana)
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|
dc.contributor.author |
Smith, Andrew B.
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dc.contributor.author |
Hayes, Vanessa M.
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dc.date.accessioned |
2015-07-09T06:08:53Z |
|
dc.date.available |
2015-07-09T06:08:53Z |
|
dc.date.issued |
2015-03-25 |
|
dc.description.abstract |
The oldest extant human maternal lineages include mitochondrial haplogroups L0d and L0k found in the southern African click-speaking forager peoples broadly classified as Khoesan. Profiling these early mitochondrial lineages allows for better understanding of modern human evolution. In this study, we profile 77 new early-diverged complete mitochondrial genomes and sub-classify another 105 L0d/L0k individuals from southern Africa. We use this data to refine basal phylogenetic divergence, coalescence times and Khoesan prehistory. Our results confirm L0d as the earliest diverged lineage (~172 kya, 95%CI: 149–199 kya), followed by L0k (~159 kya, 95%CI: 136–183 kya) and a new lineage we name L0g (~94 kya, 95%CI: 72–116 kya). We identify two new L0d1 subclades we name L0d1d and L0d1c4/L0d1e, and estimate L0d2 and L0d1 divergence at ~93 kya (95%CI:76–112 kya). We concur the earliest emerging L0d1’2 sublineage L0d1b (~49 kya, 95%CI:37–58 kya) is widely distributed across southern Africa. Concomitantly, we find the most recent sublineage L0d2a (~17 kya, 95%CI:10–27 kya) to be equally common. While we agree that lineages L0d1c and L0k1a are restricted to contemporary inland Khoesan populations, our observed predominance of L0d2a and L0d1a in non-Khoesan populations suggests a once independent coastal Khoesan prehistory. The distribution of early-diverged human maternal lineages within contemporary southern Africans suggests a rich history of human existence prior to any archaeological evidence of migration into the region. For the first time, we provide a genetic-based evidence for significant modern human evolution in southern Africa at the time of the Last Glacial Maximum at between ~21–17 kya, coinciding with the emergence of major lineages L0d1a, L0d2b, L0d2d and L0d2a. |
en_ZA |
dc.description.librarian |
am2015 |
en_ZA |
dc.description.sponsorship |
VMH is supported via the Petre
Foundation, Australia, and previously via the J. Craig
Venter Family Fund, La Jolla, CA, U.S.A. |
en_ZA |
dc.description.uri |
http://www.plosone.org |
en_ZA |
dc.identifier.citation |
Chan EKF, Hardie R-A, Petersen DC, Beeson K, Bornman RMS, Smith AB & Hayes, VM (2015) Revised Timeline and Distribution of the Earliest Diverged Human Maternal Lineages in Southern Africa. PLoS ONE 10(3): e0121223. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121223 |
en_ZA |
dc.identifier.issn |
1932-6203 |
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dc.identifier.other |
10.1371/journal.pone.0121223 |
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dc.identifier.uri |
http://hdl.handle.net/2263/46360 |
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dc.language.iso |
en |
en_ZA |
dc.publisher |
Public Library of Science |
en_ZA |
dc.rights |
© 2015 Chan et al. This is an open
access article distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License. |
en_ZA |
dc.subject |
Khoesan |
en_ZA |
dc.subject |
Mitochondrial lineages |
en_ZA |
dc.subject |
Human evolution |
en_ZA |
dc.subject |
Southern Africa |
en_ZA |
dc.subject |
Human maternal lineages |
en_ZA |
dc.title |
Revised timeline and distribution of the earliest diverged human maternal lineages in Southern Africa |
en_ZA |
dc.type |
Article |
en_ZA |