1985 Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, Volume 52, 1985

Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://hdl.handle.net/2263/42734

Contentes Pages: Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, Vol 52, 1985

CONTENTS

*Volume 52: Number 1*

Arthropods and helminths in springbok ( Antidorcas marsupialis) at Benfontein, Kimberley	De Villiers, IL, Liversidge, R & Reinecke, RK	1

Heartwater in Angora goats. II. A pathological study of artificially infected, treated and untreated goats	Prozesky, L & Du Plessis, JL	13

Isolation and characterization of and some observations on poisoning by bufadienolides from Cotyledon orbiculata L. var. orbiculata	Anderson, LAP, Schultz, RA, Kellerman, TS, Kotze, SM, Prozesky, L, Erasmus, GL & Labuschagne, L	21

Some features of coagulase positive staphylococci from bovine milk. I. Carbohydrate metabolism: comparison of conventional techniques and the API 50 CH system	Erasmus, JA	25

An investigation into the emission sites of the volatile pheromone produced by females of Argas (Persicargas) walkerae	Gothe, R & Neitz, AWH	31

Induction of diplodiosis, a neuromycotoxicosis, in domestic ruminants with cultures of indigenous and exotic isolates of diplodia maydis	Prozesky, L, Kellerman, TS, Rabie, CJ, Van der Westhuizen, GCA, Kriek, NPJ	35

The distribution and hosts of Rhipicephalus glabroscutatum	MacIvor, KM	43

"Intestinal spirochaetosis" of the vervet monkey	Cowley, HM & Hill, RR	47

Research communications:

Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo associated with bovine abortion in South Africa	Te Brugge, LA & Dreyer, T	51

Addition of rabbit serum to EMJH medium improves isolation of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo	Te Brugge, LA & Louw, HN	53


*Volume 52: Number 2*

A method for determining the Cowdria ruminantium infection rate of Amblyomma hebraeum: effects in mice injected with tick homogenates	Du Plessis, JL	55

Buffalo in the northern Natal game parks show no serological evidence of infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus	Esterhuysen, JJ, Thomson, GR, Flammand, JRB & Bengis, RG	63

Investigation into the participation of male pheromones of Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi during infestation	Gothe, R & Neitz, AWH	67

The pathology of heartwater. I. A study of mice infected with the Welgevonden strain of Cowdria ruminantium	Prozesky, L & Du Plessis, JL	71

The pathology of heartwater. II. A study of the lung lesions in sheep and goats infected with the Ball 3, strain of Cowdria ruminantium	Prozesky, L & Du Plessis, JL	81

A suspected lipofuscin storage disease of sheep associated with ingestion of the plant, Trachyandra divaricata (Jacq.) Kunth	Newsholme, SJ, Schneider, DJ, Reid, C	87

An experimental mycotoxicosis in sheep and goats caused by Drechslera campanulata, a fungal pathogen of green oats	Marasas, WFO, Collett, MG, Van der Westhuizen, GCA, Schneider, DJ	93

Enrichment of a fraction toxic to guinea-pigs from Pachystigma pygmaeum (Schltr.) Robyns	Verschoor, JA, Patterton, HG & Potgieter, DJJ	101

Mycoplasmas recovered from bovine genitalia, aborted foetuses and placentas in the Republic of South Africa	Trichard, CJV & Jacobsz, EP	105

The morphology of a sensory receptor in the nippled tubercles of Schistosoma mattheei	Kruger, FJ & Hamilton-Attwell, VL	111

In vitro cultivation of Cowdria ruminantium	Bezuidenhout, JD, Paterson, CL & Barnard, BJH	113


*Volume 52: Number 3*

This issue contains the scientific papers delivered on the occasion of the 75th Anniversary, on 12 & 13 October 1983, of the Veterinary Research Institute, Onderstepoort.

Commemorative Lecture:

Onderstepoort today yesterday and tomorrow	Bigalke, RD	121

Scientific Symposium: Veterinary Science in the Nineteen Eighties:

Theme 1. Biotechnology in veterinary science

Bovine leukaemia virus and enzootic bovine leukosis	Burny, A, Bruck, C, Cleuter, Y, Couez, D, Deschamps, J, Gregoire, D, Ghysdael, J, Kettmann, R, Mammerickx, M, Marbaix, G & Portetelle, D	133

Biotechnology, viral oncogenesis and jaagsiekte	Verwoerd, DW	145

The use of recombinant DNA technology for the development of a bluetongue virus subunit vaccine	Huismans, H	149

Theme 2. Stress-induced diseases and toxicological problems in veterinary science

Stress and fertility. A review	Coubrough, R	153

Hepatogenous photosensitivity diseases in South Africa	Kellerman, TS & Coetzer, JAW	157

The effect of stress on udder health of dairy cows	Giesecke, WH	175

Theme 3. Epidemiology of infectious diseases in veterinary science

The epidemiology of infectious diseases of livestock	Murphy, FA	195

The epidemiology of African swine fever: the role of free-living hosts in Africa	Thomson, GR	201

Theme 4. Epidemiology of parasytic diseases in veterinary science

The epizoology and control of heartwater and other tick-borne diseases of cattle in South Africa	Bezuidenhout, JD	211

The epidemiology and control of gastrointestinal nematode infestation of sheep and cattle in South Africa. I. The historic role of Onderstepoort and a short discussion of present research priorities	Van Wyk, JA	215


*Volume 52: Number 4*

The effect of arsenical dips on Parafilaria bovicola in artificially infected cattle in South Africa	Nevill, EM	221

Isolation of Cowdria ruminantium by cellular affinity chromatography and detection by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay	Viljoen, GJ, Vermeulen, NMJ, Oberem, PT, Prozesky, L, Verschoor, JA, Bezuidenhout, JD, Putterill, JF, Visser, L & Neitz, AWH	227

An ovine hepatotoxicosis caused by the plant Hertia pallens (DC.) Kuntze (Asteraceae)	Prozesky, L, Kellerman, TS, Jordaan, P, Welman, WG & Joubert, JPJ	233

Studies on bovine herpesviruses. I. Isolation and characterization of viruses isolated from the genital tract of cattle	Theodoridis, A	239

Paralysis and lipofuscin-like pigmentation of farm stock caused by the plant, Trachyandra laxa var. laxa	Basson, PA, Kidd, AB & Grant, RC	255

The epidemiology of Parafilaria bovicola in the Transvaal Bushveld of South Africa	Nevill, EM	261

An in vivo comparison of the efficacy of the heartwater blood and ground-up tick suspension vaccines in calves	Bezuidenhout, JD & Spickett, AM	269

The natural resistance of cattle to artificial infection with Cowdria ruminantium: the role played by conglutinin	Du Plessis, JL	273

The use of a single complement fixation test technique in bovine brucellosis, Johne's disease, dourine, equine piroplasmosis and Q fever serology	Herr, S, Huchzermeyer, HFKA, Te Brugge, LA, Williamson, CC, Roos, JA & Schiele, GJ	279

The efficacy of hyperimmune serum in the treatment of sweating sickness	Oberem, PT, Van Amstel, SR, Matthee, O & Bezuidenhout, JD	283

Research communication:

Chemotherapy of experimental Besnoitia besnoiti infection in rabbits	Shkap, V, De Waal, DT & Potgieter, FT	289

Author index		291

Subject index		296

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 45

The morphology of a sensory receptor in the nippled tubercles of Schistosoma mattheei
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1985) Hamilton-Attwell, V.L.; Kruger, F.J.; Bigalke, R.D.
During scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the tegument of Schistosoma mattheei, a structure was observed within the nippled tubercles. It is postulated that it is a sensory receptor with a tactile function.
Isolation of Cowdria ruminantium by cellular affinity chromatography and detection by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1985) Viljoen, Gerrit Johannes; Vermeulen, N.M.J.; Oberem, P.T.; Bezuidenhout, J. Dürr; Putterill, John Fraser; Visser, L.; Bigalke, R.D.; Prozesky, Leon; Verschoor, J.A. (Jan Adrianus), 1953-; Neitz, Albert Walter Herman
The isolation of Cowdria ruminantium by means of wheat germ lectin affinity chromatography as described in this paper permits the recovery of partially purified viable organisms under mild conditions in short time. These conclusions are based upon results of analyses of column fractions by intravenous inoculation into sheep, protein determination, electronmicroscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The entire purification procedure could be completed in 4-5 hours using only either infected sheep tissue or nymphae as starting material.
Author index
(Pretoria : Government Printer, 1985) Bigalke, R.D.
The natural resistance of cattle to artificial infection with Cowdria ruminantium: the role played by conglutinin
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1985) Du Plessis, J.L.; Bigalke, R.D.
The conglutinin titres of year-old Bonsmara-cross cattle infected with Cowdria ruminantium were inversely proportional to the severity of the reactions elicited by the infection. There was no correlation, however, between conglutinin levels of 8-month-old calves of the same breed, sex and origin and their susceptibility to heartwater. The role possibly played by conglutinin in the non-specific resistance of cattle to heartwater and in the epidemiology of the disease is discussed.
The epidemiology and control of gastrointestinal nematode infestation of sheep and cattle in South Africa. I. The historic role of Onderstepoort and a short discussion of present research priorities
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1985) Bigalke, R.D.; Van Wyk, Jan Aucamp
The research activities of the Veterinary Research Institute, Onderstepoort, from its inception in 1908 until recent times are reviewed in this first article of a series on nematode epidemiology of sheep and cattle. While the taxonomic and certain biological aspects of the subject and the testing of anthelmintic compounds have been well covered on the whole in various parts of the country, the testing of control methods under field conditions has largely been neglected. It is suggested that all known methods of integrated worm control should be scrutinized and the most promising methods be tested under practical farming conditions in the country to reduce our dependence on anthelmintic compounds for worm control. Furthermore, unless we are able to employ the available anthelmintics to better advantage and thus reduce the tempo of selection for resistance, the situation may well develop where highly effective remedies are no longer available for worm control.
The epizootiology and control of heartwater and other tick-borne diseases of cattle in South Africa
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1985) Bezuidenhout, J. Dürr; Bigalke, R.D.
The history of the main bovine tick-borne diseases occurring in South Africa and the role Onderstepoort played in their identification and control is briefly reviewed. The present attitudes regarding the control of tickborne diseases, taking into account their complexity, is discussed. Gaps in our knowledge regarding heartwater epizootiology and possible future studies are defined.
Stress and fertility. A review
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1985) Coubrough, R.I.; Bigalke, R.D.
The effect of both environmental and management related stressors on fertility is discussed. While environmental heat as a stressor is significant in disrupting normal reproductive cyclicity, management induced stress is becoming more important when related to the requirements of modem production methods. Deviation in hormonal patterns are noted, and the clinical manifestations brought about by these changes are described. Since reproduction is the ultimate measure of an animal's ability to adapt to an ever changing external milieu, as well as forming the basis of life-time productivity, research should be aimed at obtaining greater clarity of the hormonal interactions involved. The role of neurotransmitters in these physiological mechanisms should not be overlooked. Psychobiological studies must be extended so as to provide a positive input into management procedures that should be used in intensive production units for optimal fertility and productivity.
Chemotherapy of experimental Besnoitia besnoiti infection in rabbits
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1985) Shkap, Varda; De Waal, D.T.; Potgieter, Fred T.; Bigalke, R.D.
Rabbits were infected with a bovine strain of Besnoitia besnoiti parasites derived from VERO cell cultures. Oxytetracycline*, given at 30 mg/kg i.m. simultaneously with infection, prevented the development of orchitis. The controls received no treatment. All infected animals showed a transient febrile reaction. It is concluded that oxytetracycline has some therapeutic potential against Besnoitia besnoiti and that rabbits are suitable models for therapeutic trials.
An in vivo comparison of the efficacy of the heartwater blood and ground-up tick suspension vaccines in calves
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1985) Bezuidenhout, J. Dürr; Spickett, Arthur M.; Bigalke, R.D.
Two groups of calves were respectively immunized with heartwater blood (BV) and ground-up tick suspension (GUTS) vaccine. A third group was left unimmunized as controls. No difference in the immune status conferred could be demonstrated between the 2 vaccines at 6 months and 12 months challenge after vaccination. An index, based on the rectal temperature before and during the reaction, was calculated as an aid in evaluating the data. In practice, the evaluation of heartwater vaccination by challenge is more effective at 12 months than at 6 months after vaccination. No effective difference was demonstrated between the 2 vaccines in their immunizing efficacy.
An ovine hepatotoxicosis caused by the plant Hertia pallens (DC.) Kuntze (Asteraceae)
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1985) Kellerman, T. Stephanus; Jordaan, P.; Welman, Wilhelmina G.; Joubert, J.P.J.; Bigalke, R.D.; Prozesky, Leon
A field outbreak of Hertia pallens poisoning in sheep is described. The hepatotoxicity of the plant was experimentally demonstrated in 7 sheep which developed lesions that ranged from a diffuse degeneration to centrilobular necrosis. These lesions occasionally extended to the midzonal area of the lobules. In addition to a lung oedema, a diffuse mononuclear interstitial pneumonia was present in 3 of the sheep. Botanical, clinical and pathological data are given.
The epidemiology of infectious diseases of livestock
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1985) Murphy, F.A.; Bigalke, R.D.
From the time of the first modern studies of infectious diseases, by Koch, Pasteur, Theiler and their colleagues, it has been clear that laboratory investigation must be complemented by epidemiologic investigation. The measurement of all aspects of the natural history of a disease in naturally affected populations is necessary if we are to rationally design control regimens. Building upon a historic perspective, this paper presents a view of the present status of epidemiology as it pertains to animal disease control, and presents a view of the merits of expanding the use of this science in future animal disease control programs, internationally, in developed and developing countries. The basis for this view lies in adaptation of principles employed in human infectious disease epidemiology, and principles which guide the organization of international disease control agencies.
The use of recombinant DNA technology for the development of a bluetongue virus subunit vaccine
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1985) Bigalke, R.D.; Huismans, H. (Henk), 1942-
The double-stranded RNA gene coding for the surface antigen responsible for inducing neutralising antibodies has been isolated, converted to DNA, and cloned in the plasmid pBR322. So far, only plasmids containing inserts smaller than the gene have been obtained. Possible strategies for the development of a bluetongue virus subunit vaccine are discussed.
The efficacy of hyperimmune serum in the treatment of sweating sickness
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1985) Oberem, P.T.; Van Amstel, S.R.; Matthee, O.; Bezuidenhout, J. Dürr; Bigalke, R.D.
Natural and experimental cases of sweating sickness were treated using a hyperimmune serum as specific treatment and hyperimmune serum combined with symptomatic and supportive treatment based on the clinico-pathological changes observed in cases of sweating sickness. The treatment regimens were found to be highly effective in pigs and sheep as well as in calves, although recovery in the latter species was slower.
The epidemiology of Parafilaria bovicola in the Transvaal Bushveld of South Africa
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1985) Nevill, E.M.; Bigalke, R.D.
A total of 20 375 flies collected off cattle on 12 farms over 36 months were identified and examined for 3rd stage P. bovicola. The 3 vector species accounted for 64,1 % of the flies collected and were the only fly species found to be infected. Musca lusoria was clearly the dominant vector fly, although large numbers of Musca sp. A appeared regularly between February and April each year. This phenomenon, coupled with high numbers of M. lusoria throughout most of the year, led to an increase in the numbers of vector flies from their lowest level in June to a peak in February-April. Of the 13 070 vector flies examined for 3rd stage larvae only 64 (0,52 %) were positive; of these 41 were M. lusoria and 17 Musca sp. A. No positive male flies were found. Incubation of wild-caught flies for up to 13 days at 27 °C noticeably increased the larval recovery rate. Flies were found to be infected mainly from August-March. Infected M. lusoria were recorded from July-March and infected Musca sp. A from January-May. Only 6 infected M. xanthomelas were collected and this was during the period August-December, when most ovipositional blood spots occur on cattle. It is concluded that P. bovicola transmission in the Bushveld is not correlated with peak periods of bleeding but rather with high numbers of vector flies, the various species augmenting each other so that transmission may take place almost throughout the year.
Biotechnology, viral oncogenesis and jaagsiekte
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1985) Bigalke, R.D.; Verwoerd, Daniel Wynand
A brief description is given of the discovery of retroviral and cellular oncogenes and of their putative role in oncogenesis. Attempts to apply the biotechnological techniques that were so successful in the study of other retroviruses to the newly-discovered jaagsiekte retrovirus are briefly reviewed.
Paralysis and lipofuscin-like pigmentation of farm stock caused by the plant, Trachyandra laxa var. laxa
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1985) Basson, P.A.; Kidd, A.B.; Grant, Rina C.; Bigalke, R.D.
A paralytic condition of farm stock in South West Africa, characterized by prominent neuronal and some mild extraneuronal pigmentation, is described. The distribution of the pigment, which was mainly located in the larger neurones of the brain and spinal cord, is given. Experimental evidence, obtained by feeding the plant, is presented that the condition is caused by Trachyandra laxa var. laxa. The histochemical features of the pigment proved to be compatible with a lipofuscin.
The epidemiology of African swine fever: the role of free-living hosts in Africa
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1985) Bigalke, R.D.; Thomson, G.R. (Gavin)
The known distribution of African swine fever (ASF) virus in Africa is reviewed in relation to the distributions of its free-living hosts as are the infection rates of these species in different localities in southern Africa. Mechanisms by which ASF virus is maintained in its sylvatic state and ways in which the infection may enter domestic pig populations are discussed.
Hepatogenous photosensitivity diseases in South Africa
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1985) Kellerman, T. Stephanus; Bigalke, R.D.; Coetzer, Jacobus A.W.
Various hepatogenous photosensitivity diseases of ruminants in South Africa, caused by plants, fungi and an alga, are described. Information is given on botanical, mycological, toxicological, clinical and pathological aspects of the diseases. The intoxications were grouped according to the primary site of involvement and type of lesions in the liver. The aetiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of these conditions received special attention and the most important features are illustrated in colour.
The effect of stress on udder health of dairy cows
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1985) Giesecke, W.H.; Bigalke, R.D.
The appropriate literature has been reviewed for the purpose of defining the phenomenon of stress in lactating dairy cattle, establishing a baseline concept of lactation stress and emphasizing the most significant aspects of the natural mammary defence mechanisms. Data on the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) make it clear that stress is essentially the rate of wear and tear of the biological system affected by a stressor either eliciting stress of the organism as a whole or partly so. Owing to the variety of stressors which may affect the dairy cow at physiological and pathological levels, a definition of stress in the broad sense is indicated. This is essential from the point of view of the anti-homeostatic effects (metabolic and immunological) of lactation stress, aggravated by anti-homeostatic effects elecited by superimposed other types of stress (e.g. heat stress). The lactating cow, as a ruminant in a state of sustained stress, requires a special profile of hormonal mediators. In high yielding cows, for example, acute and sustained heat stress promotes increased activities of prolactin, progesterone and catecholamines. Compared with the mainly glycogenic/glycogenolytic metablolism of non-ruminant mammals, the lipogenic/lipolytic and glycogenic/glycogenolytic metabolism of the dairy cow depends on hormonal mediators which differ from those of the former not so much in their nature but in their magnitude and ratios. Stressors induce the development of GAS reactions in the dairy cow. These enable the cow to create and maintain homeostasis of its integrated 3 main physio-pathological systems and thus to endure the stressor(s). The cow's compensating adjustments to a stressor are therefore the effects of stress. This means that natural lactation is the effect of the lactation stress induced by the cow's progeny (i.e. the natural lactation stressor). Artificial lactation stressors (e.g. removal of milk by hand and machine) may affect the lactation stress in magnitude but not necessarily in nature. Likewise, a range of behavioural, physiological, lactational and lacteal changes related to other stressors are the effects of different types of stress. Lactation stress, like other types of stress, shows 3 stages of development, i.e., an overcompensating alarm phase (= lactogenesis), resistance phase (= galactopoiesis) and exhaustion phase (= regression). They facilitate adjustments of the cow's homeostasis from the level of involutional homeostasis (= no lactational activity) to that of lactational homeostasis. Like other tissues in a state of stress, the lactating mammary epithelium requires a greatly increased supply of glucose. This causes the glucose metabolism of the lactating cow to become so precarious that in the secretory mammary epithelium glucose is being reserved for specific key functions, such as balance of energy and electrolytes, and formation of lactose, NADPH and citrate. The secretory epithelium is therefore particularly susceptible to fluctuations of its oxydative glucose metabolism, which, in turn, enables the cow readily to control the number of secretory cells, their level of secretory activities and the integrity of the secretory epithelium. For that reason, mammary regression, unphysiological both in magnitude and timing, if stimulated in dairy cattle by stressful conditions superimposed on normal lactation stress, is of primary importance as a counter-measure to galactopoiesis, and the main predisposing factor to mastitogenic infection. Mammary regression may be considered the cow's inherent, non-specific response to stressors affecting it and/or its lactating udder. Stressful conditions, superimposed on the lactation stress, promote increased intramammary activities of adrenalin, which contribute to unphysiological mammary regression. Adrenalin also affects the bacterial trapping component, reverse pumping component and other components of the proposed 3 core systems of the natural defence mechanisms of the lactating bovine udder. This unfavourable effect of adrenalin on udder health may be further aggravated by various hormonal mediators in the plasma and milk. From the data reviewed it is evident that stress may elicit significant lactational and lacteal fluctuations jeopardize the anti-microbial efficacy of the natural defence mechanisms of the udder and increase the risk of unphysiological mammary regression and subclinical and clinical mastitogenic udder infections. It is clear therefore that stress may be of eminent importance to the 3 major determinants of bovine udder health, namely, intramammary integrity, somatic cellular defence and bacterial challenge.
Subject index
(Published by The Government Printer, Pretoria, 1985) Anonymous; Bigalke, R.D.

Browse

Recent Submissions