Abstract:
The production of Platinum Group Metals (PGMs) normally entails the smelting of PGM flotation concentrates,
converting of the furnace matte and removal of the bulk of the Ni, Cu, Co, S and Fe through atmospheric
and pressure leaching in a base metals refinery to produce a PGM-rich concentrate. A number of
impurities, mostly Se, Te, As, Bi, Os and Pb, are not removed significantly during the oxidising leach process
in sulphuric acid media. In addition slag inclusions in matte leads to contamination of the PGM residues
with silica, fayalite, magnetite and trevorite phases. Furthermore some Cu, Ni, Fe and S also remain.
For this reason a typical Precious Metal Refinery (PMR) feed material contains less than 65% PGMs. The
PMR is based on a chloride process and requires contaminants to be within narrow specification limits to
prevent the formation of PGM residues that must be reprocessed or tolled, leading to poor first pass metal
efficiencies and extending the duration of the production pipeline for efficient recovery.
A process has been developed to significantly upgrade the BMR leach residues through pyrometallurgical
processing, which include a multistep process of roasting under oxidising atmospheres, a two-step
smelting process of the roasted calcine (with engineered slag chemistry and slag-refractory interactions)
and subsequent atomisation of the molten alloy which can be fed as a slurry into the HCl/Cl2 dissolution
reactors in the precious metals refinery. These pyrometallurgical steps upgrade the BMR residue from a
45–50% grade up to an alloy grade of ca. 90% PGMs, whilst removing the most deleterious elements with
major process impacts on the PMR.
This paper will focus primarily on the roasting step and it will investigate the thermochemical and mineralogical
changes occurring during roasting. These changes were evaluated through a combination of
thermochemical modelling and experimental investigation. The roasting step needs to be in an oxidative
environment in order to achieve the vapourisation of Se, Te, As, Os and S. The speciation of PGMs and
their vapourisation behaviour are presented, as well as the sensitivity of precious metals deportment
to changes in roast conditions.
