Abstract:
Carnivores that persist outside of protected areas are often deemed to have highly adaptable
and generalist foraging strategies. Using data from three GPS-collared female leopards
(Panthera pardus) and over an eight-month period, we attempted to establish whether leopards
in a mountainous landscape display preferential behaviour (i.e. specialist) or not (i.e.
generalist).We investigated whether female leopards used habitats in accordance with availability
for both hunting and regular activities, and whether female leopards demonstrated
preference for a particular prey species. Finally, we assessed tree caching behaviour and
discuss leopard spatial dynamics in the context of superior competitors, such as lions
(Panthera leo). Female leopards demonstrated selection for certain prey species. Mixed
closed woodland (greatest vegetation density; lowest prey density) and tall open woodland
(greatest vegetation biomass; high prey density) were preferred over other habitats. Female
leopards on Welgevonden cached significantly larger prey species in trees. Our results
suggest that female leopards in this landscape are selecting habitats – enabling the
exploitation of certain ecological features – that balance energy expenditure against the likelihood
of capturing prey in an attempt to maximize efficiency, whilst reducing inter-specific
competition.We suggest that female leopards are limited in their foraging ability as a result
of interference competition by superior species like lions, which in turn, affects their choice
of prey. These findings highlight the potential importance of numerous ecological,
spatio-temporal, and anthropogenic factors that influence leopard behaviour, and therefore
have significant implications for leopard persistence and conservation.
