Reinvestigating the Wreck of the Sixteenth Century Portuguese Galleon São João: A Historical Archaeological Perspective

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dc.contributor.advisor Harris, Karen Leigh en
dc.contributor.postgraduate Burger, Elizabeth en
dc.date.accessioned 2013-09-07T12:29:57Z
dc.date.available 2004-09-15 en
dc.date.available 2013-09-07T12:29:57Z
dc.date.created 2004-04-23 en
dc.date.issued 2005-09-15 en
dc.date.submitted 2004-09-10 en
dc.description Dissertation (MA (cultural history))--University of Pretoria, 2005. en
dc.description.abstract The Portuguese galleon, the São João, is one of the greatest enigmas in South African maritime history, not only because so little is known about its cargo, passengers and crew, but also because the location of the wreck has puzzled researchers from the early 20th century until the present. The aim of the Port Edward Project 2001-2003 was to assess both documentary and physical material pertaining to the wreck, to throw more light on the location of the wreck site and survivor camp because this ship is an important part of South Africa’s maritime history as it was the first cargo ship wrecked along the country’s coastline. Many researchers believe it was one of the most richly laden ships to have left India since it was discovered. To begin with all available sources containing reference to the São João and the events surrounding its wrecking were investigated. This established a historical archaeological standard for dating and identification of Portuguese shipwrecks along the South African coast. A chronological examination of the extent of documentary sources resulted in an archaeological underwater and land survey in the area where the greatest concentrations of artefacts are still found today. This geographic area was within a defined zone within the municipal area of Port Shepston. Investigations were limited to a stretch of coast and adjacent inland area between the town of Port Edward, more specifically Tragedy Hill, and the Kuboboyi River. The archaeological material investigated: includes: Chinese porcelain shards, cowrie shells, cornelian beads, pepper and cannons. To prevent reiterating previous investigator’s research a survey was conducted to determine what scientific research has been done on the archaeological material. The actual location of the campsite has not been indisputably determined. It became evident that some research has been done to identify this important site but always only up to a certain point where some uncertainty still remains. This uncertainty is the result of certain factors. Firstly, Tim Maggs only positively identified the wreck site in the early 1980’s. Secondly, great amounts of agricultural activity have been reported in the area and thirdly the survivors only camped for twelve days, which limits the possibility of finding any material. In order to assist in locating this elusive site, the descriptions and details of other Portuguese campsites were investigated. From this it was possible to construct a virtual picture of the survivor camp by comparing the survivor’s account and the known characteristics of Portuguese survivor camps with the artefacts found and geography of the Port Edward area. The chronological examination of documentary sources, the comparison of other Portuguese survivor campsites, the artefacts found in Port Edward and the geography of the area led to the following conclusions: it can be said with a reasonable amount of certainty that the site in Port Edward is that of the São João. A site which demonstrates Portuguese campsite characteristics, where great concentrations of pepper have been found, was identified. It has been established that the partnership with historical documentation and archaeology gives this project the option of taking the investigations further. The virtual scenario assists in reducing the possibilities and refining the focus as opposed to merely terminating the search. It is recommended that specialized equipment be used for future underwater research since the sea conditions are harsh and dangerous. Tough the possible location of the survivor camp was established further excavations might reveal more about the construction of the camp. en
dc.description.availability unrestricted en
dc.description.department Historical and Heritage Studies en
dc.identifier.citation Burger, E 2004, Reinvestigating the Wreck of the Sixteenth Century Portuguese Galleon São João: A Historical Archaeological Perspective, MA dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27849 > en
dc.identifier.upetdurl http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09102004-085934/ en
dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27849
dc.language.iso en
dc.publisher University of Pretoria en_ZA
dc.rights © 2004, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. en
dc.subject São gonçalo en
dc.subject São bento en
dc.subject Santo alberto en
dc.subject Portuguese en
dc.subject Port edward en
dc.subject Porcelain en
dc.subject Nossa senhore de belem en
dc.subject Pepper en
dc.subject Nossa senhore de atalaia do piheiro en
dc.subject Maritime en
dc.subject Msikaba en
dc.subject Kuboboyi en
dc.subject Keisers farm en
dc.subject Isotope analysis en
dc.subject Inhlanhlinhlu en
dc.subject Historical en
dc.subject Galleon en
dc.subject Excavation en
dc.subject Cowrie en
dc.subject Cornelian en
dc.subject Archaeology en
dc.subject Cannon en
dc.subject São joão en
dc.subject São joão baptista en
dc.subject São thomé en
dc.subject Shipwreck en
dc.subject Survivor accounts en
dc.subject Tragedy hill. en
dc.subject Survivors en
dc.subject Survivor-camp en
dc.subject UCTD en_US
dc.title Reinvestigating the Wreck of the Sixteenth Century Portuguese Galleon São João: A Historical Archaeological Perspective en
dc.type Dissertation en


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