Development of soy fortified sorghum and bread wheat biscuits as a supplementary food to combat protein energy malnutrition in young children

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dc.contributor.advisor Taylor, J.R.N. (John Reginald Nuttall) en
dc.contributor.advisor Oelofse, Andre en
dc.contributor.advisor De Kock, Henrietta Letitia en
dc.contributor.postgraduate Serrem, C.A. (Charlotte Atsango) en
dc.date.accessioned 2013-09-06T22:27:50Z
dc.date.available 2011-06-23 en
dc.date.available 2013-09-06T22:27:50Z
dc.date.created 2011-04-14 en
dc.date.issued 2011-06-23 en
dc.date.submitted 2010-09-16 en
dc.description Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. en
dc.description.abstract Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) due to under nutrition is a major public health problem among children in Africa and other developing countries. Sorghum and bread wheat, which are important dietary staples in the semi-arid tropics of Africa, are suitable vehicles for delivering proteins to alleviate PEM. Formulation of foods from these low-lysine staples fortified with legumes is a sustainable approach to improve the protein nutritional quality of foods for young children. Biscuits offer a valuable vehicle for fortification as they are nutrient dense, ready-to-eat, have a long shelf-life and are popular. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of complementing sorghum and bread wheat with defatted soy flour on the nutritional and sensory quality and consumer acceptability of biscuits. Biscuits were formulated and developed by compositing sorghum and bread wheat flours with defatted soy flour at different ratios. To establish the nutritional characteristics of biscuits, proximate composition, lysine and reactive lysine contents and in vitro protein digestibility were determined. Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER), Food Efficiency Ratio (FER) True Digestibility and Biological Value (BV) of sorghum biscuits were determined using Sprague Dowley weanling male rats. The sensory characteristics of biscuits were evaluated using a descriptive panel and instrumental texture analysis. Acceptability was evaluated using eight to nine year old school children. Compared to the 100% cereal biscuits, sorghum-soy and bread wheat-soy composite biscuits in a 1:1 ratio had at least double the protein, mineral and crude fibre contents. The lysine contents of biscuits increased by 500-700%. For the sorghum-soy biscuits, in vitro protein digestibility increased by 170% and Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) was 8 times higher. Two such biscuits of 28 g each could provide 50% of the recommended daily protein intake for 3 to 10 year olds. In the animal study, PER and FER for sorghum-soy biscuits were equivalent to the reference casein. True Digestibility was high for all diets, 85 to 95% and BV of sorghum biscuits was higher than sorghum-soy diet by 20%. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that 61% and a further 33% of the variation in sensory properties was due to the type of cereal and concentration of soy in biscuits, respectively. Maximum stress increased by 39% and 34% in sorghum-soy and bread wheat-soy biscuits, respectively at 1:1 ratio. Spread factor of biscuits increased by 7 to 32%. Biscuits were darker in colour (reduced L* value) by 14 to 56% and hardness increased by 84% in sorghum biscuits. Positive hedonic scores by 8 to 9 year old school children for fortified biscuits were sustained above 80% through 8 consumption occasions. This data shows that fortifying with defatted soy flour imparts positive sensory characteristics associated with biscuits to sorghum and bread wheat biscuits and the acceptance of such biscuits may be sustained over an extended period of time. This study indicates that soy fortified sorghum and bread wheat biscuits have high nutrient density, protein quality, positive sensory properties and high acceptability if consumed over an extended period. Hence, the biscuits have great potential as protein-rich supplementary foods to alleviate PEM among children and to provide an income to small holder farmers in rural African communities through purchase of grain for the Home Grown School Feeding Programme. en
dc.description.availability unrestricted en
dc.description.department Food Science en
dc.identifier.citation Serrem, CA 2010, Development of soy fortified sorghum and bread wheat biscuits as a supplementary food to combat protein energy malnutrition in young children, PhD thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25565 > en
dc.identifier.other D11/396/ag en
dc.identifier.upetdurl http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06162011-051514/ en
dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25565
dc.language.iso en
dc.publisher University of Pretoria en_ZA
dc.rights © 2010 University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. en
dc.subject Public health problem en
dc.subject Protein energy malnutrition in young children en
dc.subject Soy fortified sorghum en
dc.subject UCTD en_US
dc.title Development of soy fortified sorghum and bread wheat biscuits as a supplementary food to combat protein energy malnutrition in young children en
dc.type Thesis en


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