Roestorff, Maria M.; Chirwa, Evans M.N.(The Italian Association of Chemical Engineering, 2018)
Chromium exits naturally in two oxidation states: hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) and trivalent chromium
(Cr(III)). Cr(VI) is carcinogenic and mutagenic to living organisms and Cr(III) is 100 times less toxic than
Cr(VI). ...
Roestorff, Maria M.; Chirwa, Evans M.N.(The Italian Association of Chemical Engineering, 2018)
Chromium (Cr) is used in a variety of metallurgical, refractory and chemical processes, as well as in industrial
activities such as the refining of ore, the production of steel and alloys, metal plating, and tanneries. ...
Roestorff, Maria M.; Mbonambi, Nondumiso C.; Chirwa, Evans M.N.(The Italian Association of Chemical Engineering, 2019)
Chromium (Cr) is an essential industrial component and has many applications in industrial manufacturing. Anthropogenic activities can lead to the release of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] as well as trivalent chromium ...
