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Sheila B. Agha, Edith Chepkorir, Francis Mulwa, Caroline Tigoi, Samwel Arum, Milehna M. Guarido, Peris Ambala, Betty Chelangat, Joel Lutomiah, David P. Tchouassi, Michael J. Turell, Rosemary Sang
Vector competence of populations of Aedes aegypti from three distinct cities in Kenya for chikungunya virus
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4.3937 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3266 0 Td
(tested)Tj
2.5512 0 Td
(populations)Tj
4.9492 0 Td
(of)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
1.0148 0 Td
[()30()]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
(.)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
1.491 0 Td
[()6()9()-21()-13()12( )7(\n)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
2.9877 0 Td
(collected)Tj
-33.5846 -1.3039 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(Kilifi)Tj
2.2336 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
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3.1634 0 Td
(region)Tj
2.8006 0 Td
(near)Tj
2.0013 0 Td
(Mombasa,)Tj
4.3993 0 Td
(Nairobi,)Tj
3.532 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(Kisumu)Tj
3.4015 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(their)Tj
2.109 0 Td
(relative)Tj
3.1408 0 Td
(ability)Tj
2.6929 0 Td
(to)Tj
-36.3626 -1.2983 Td
(transmit)Tj
3.6169 0 Td
(CHIKV.)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 561.2598 cm
BT
/F3 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Methods)Tj
/F0 1 Tf
0 -1.4976 Td
(Mosquito)Tj
4.2283 0 Td
(collection)Tj
4.3323 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.8615 0 Td
(rearing)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 526.2803 cm
BT
/F14 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.009 Tc
0 0 Td
[()30()7()4()8()]TJ
2.4547 0 Td
[()6()9()-21()-13()12( )7(\n)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
2.9537 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.6838 0 Td
(collected)Tj
3.6963 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.1827 0 Td
(selected)Tj
3.3109 0 Td
(sites)Tj
1.9048 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4513 0 Td
(three)Tj
2.2393 0 Td
(major)Tj
2.5852 0 Td
(cities)Tj
2.228 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(Kenya.)Tj
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(Mosquitoes)Tj
-31.6911 -1.3039 Td
(were)Tj
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(collected)Tj
3.6907 0 Td
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1.0092 0 Td
(eggs)Tj
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(oviposition)Tj
4.6658 0 Td
(cups)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(\(black)Tj
2.6418 0 Td
(cups)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(lined)Tj
2.2054 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9785 0 Td
(oviposition)Tj
4.6658 0 Td
(papers)Tj
2.812 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7178 0 Td
(half)Tj
-35.824 -1.2982 Td
(filled)Tj
2.1883 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9786 0 Td
(water\))Tj
2.7382 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7178 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0034 0 Td
(larvae)Tj
2.5512 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.1883 0 Td
(water)Tj
2.4038 0 Td
(holding)Tj
3.2768 0 Td
(containers)Tj
4.354 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7121 0 Td
(around)Tj
3.1067 0 Td
(houses,)Tj
3.1181 0 Td
(between)Tj
-33.3635 -1.2983 Td
(March)Tj
2.8402 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7178 0 Td
(April)Tj
2.2791 0 Td
(2016)Tj
2.1033 0 Td
(\()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(Table)Tj
2.7552 0 Td
(1)Tj
0 g
(\).)Tj
1.2416 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(eggs)Tj
1.9162 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7121 0 Td
(larvae)Tj
2.5569 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1033 0 Td
(transported)Tj
4.8188 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0205 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4513 0 Td
(BSL-2)Tj
2.6135 0 Td
(insectary)Tj
3.7588 0 Td
(at)Tj
-36.6574 -1.2983 Td
(the)Tj
1.4513 0 Td
(Duduville)Tj
4.1329 0 Td
(Campus,)Tj
3.736 0 Td
(International)Tj
5.4198 0 Td
(Centre)Tj
2.9197 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0034 0 Td
(Insect)Tj
2.5852 0 Td
(Physiology)Tj
4.5184 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7178 0 Td
(Ecology)Tj
3.3562 0 Td
(\(ICIPE\))Tj
3.3335 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(Nai-)Tj
-35.2004 -1.3039 Td
(robi,)Tj
2.0692 0 Td
(where)Tj
2.6249 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.457 0 Td
(eggs)Tj
1.9162 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1033 0 Td
(hatched)Tj
3.3449 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7177 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4514 0 Td
(larvae)Tj
2.5568 0 Td
(reared)Tj
2.7383 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(provide)Tj
3.2541 0 Td
(F)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 467.7165 459.6094 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.012 Tc
0 0 Td
(0)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 473.4425 461.2535 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.009 Tc
0 0 Td
(adult)Tj
2.228 0 Td
(mosquitoes)Tj
4.7508 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.372 0 Td
(this)Tj
-35.6936 -1.2982 Td
(study.)Tj
2.5852 0 Td
(Adult)Tj
2.4775 0 Td
(mosquitoes)Tj
4.7508 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.0976 0 Td
(identified)Tj
4.0139 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(confirm)Tj
3.4072 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7575 0 Td
(they)Tj
1.9048 0 Td
(were)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
2.1033 0 Td
[()30()]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
(.)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
1.4739 0 Td
[()6()9()-21()-13()12( )7(\n)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
(,)Tj
3.1748 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7121 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(portion)Tj
3.1975 0 Td
(of)Tj
-36.3229 -1.2983 Td
(them)Tj
2.2677 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1033 0 Td
(blood)Tj
2.4888 0 Td
(fed)Tj
1.4457 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2642 0 Td
(laboratory)Tj
4.303 0 Td
(mice)Tj
2.1316 0 Td
(\(Kenya)Tj
3.0614 0 Td
(Medical)Tj
3.4016 0 Td
(Research)Tj
3.7644 0 Td
(Institute,)Tj
3.7586 0 Td
(Animal)Tj
3.1918 0 Td
(House\))Tj
3.1181 0 Td
(to)Tj
-36.3002 -1.3039 Td
(provide)Tj
3.2542 0 Td
(eggs.)Tj
2.1316 0 Td
(These)Tj
2.5455 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.0976 0 Td
(hatched,)Tj
3.5717 0 Td
(reared)Tj
2.7382 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9468 0 Td
(28C)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7121 0 Td
(provided)Tj
3.7758 0 Td
(fish)Tj
1.6441 0 Td
(food)Tj
2.0294 0 Td
(\(Tetramin\))Tj
4.6262 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0034 0 Td
(larval)Tj
-34.2819 -1.2983 Td
(food)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(produce)Tj
3.4809 0 Td
(F)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 270.4818 407.622 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.012 Tc
0 0 Td
(1)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 276.2078 409.2661 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.009 Tc
0 0 Td
(mosquitoes.)Tj
4.9719 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7631 0 Td
(same)Tj
2.2394 0 Td
(procedure)Tj
4.2689 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.6838 0 Td
(used)Tj
2.0409 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(produce)Tj
3.481 0 Td
(F)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 496.0629 407.622 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.012 Tc
0 0 Td
(2)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 501.7889 409.2661 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.009 Tc
0 0 Td
(mosquitoes.)Tj
4.9662 0 Td
(Adult)Tj
-35.1436 -1.2982 Td
(mosquitoes)Tj
4.7452 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1033 0 Td
(provided)Tj
3.7757 0 Td
(8%)Tj
1.4456 0 Td
(glucose)Tj
3.1351 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0092 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6463 0 Td
(carbohydrate)Tj
5.4425 0 Td
(source,)Tj
3.0217 0 Td
(which)Tj
2.6248 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.6838 0 Td
(replaced)Tj
3.5489 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9785 0 Td
(water)Tj
-35.1606 -1.3039 Td
(24)Tj
1.1622 0 Td
(hours)Tj
2.4888 0 Td
(prior)Tj
2.228 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(virus)Tj
2.177 0 Td
(exposure.)Tj
3.9968 0 Td
(We)Tj
1.5988 0 Td
(used)Tj
2.0409 0 Td
(F)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 372.3023 381.6 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.012 Tc
0 0 Td
(0-2)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 384.0944 383.244 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.009 Tc
0 0 Td
(mosquitoes)Tj
4.7451 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(this)Tj
1.6554 0 Td
(study.)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 354.1606 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Virus)Tj
2.4708 0 Td
(amplification)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 337.1527 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(Lamu001)Tj
3.9685 0 Td
(strain)Tj
2.5001 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(East/Central/South)Tj
7.8633 0 Td
(Africa)Tj
2.6872 0 Td
(lineage)Tj
3.0274 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(CHIKV,)Tj
3.5886 0 Td
(isolated)Tj
3.2825 0 Td
(during)Tj
2.9253 0 Td
(the)Tj
-34.8545 -1.3039 Td
(20042005)Tj
4.541 0 Td
(outbreak)Tj
3.7871 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(Lamu)Tj
2.5398 0 Td
(Island,)Tj
2.9027 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(used)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(all)Tj
1.1452 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(infection)Tj
3.787 0 Td
(assays)Tj
2.6306 0 Td
(performed)Tj
4.4673 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(this)Tj
-34.7298 -1.2982 Td
(study.)Tj
2.6135 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(virus)Tj
2.2054 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7007 0 Td
(amplified)Tj
4.0082 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(T-25)Tj
2.1316 0 Td
(cell)Tj
1.5591 0 Td
(culture)Tj
3.0387 0 Td
(flasks)Tj
2.4037 0 Td
(\(Corning)Tj
3.9345 0 Td
(Incorporated,)Tj
5.7146 0 Td
(USA\))Tj
2.4548 0 Td
(con-)Tj
-34.5824 -1.2983 Td
(taining)Tj
3.05 0 Td
(confluent)Tj
4.0309 0 Td
(monolayers)Tj
4.8925 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(Vero)Tj
2.2167 0 Td
(cells)Tj
1.9162 0 Td
(\(ATTC)Tj
3.1294 0 Td
(CCL-81\),)Tj
3.9572 0 Td
(grown)Tj
2.7949 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(cell)Tj
1.5647 0 Td
(culture)Tj
3.0331 0 Td
(media)Tj
2.6929 0 Td
(con-)Tj
-35.3251 -1.3039 Td
(sisting)Tj
2.7892 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(Minimum)Tj
4.3597 0 Td
(Essential)Tj
3.7303 0 Td
(Medium)Tj
3.6794 0 Td
(\(MEM\))Tj
3.2541 0 Td
(\(Sigma-Aldrich,)Tj
6.6444 0 Td
(St.)Tj
1.2189 0 Td
(Louis,)Tj
2.6475 0 Td
(MO\))Tj
2.1997 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(Earle's)Tj
-33.5336 -1.2983 Td
(salts)Tj
1.9218 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(reduced)Tj
3.4412 0 Td
(NaHCO)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 304.4409 270.4818 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(3)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 308.0125 272.1259 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(,)Tj
0.4422 0 Td
(supplemented)Tj
5.8563 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(10%)Tj
1.9275 0 Td
(heat-inactivated)Tj
6.633 0 Td
(fetal)Tj
1.9106 0 Td
(bovine)Tj
2.9253 0 Td
(serum)Tj
2.7269 0 Td
(\(FBS\))Tj
-35.2173 -1.2982 Td
(\(Sigma-Aldrich\),)Tj
6.9845 0 Td
(2%)Tj
1.4514 0 Td
(L-glutamine)Tj
5.1419 0 Td
(\(Sigma-Aldrich\),)Tj
6.9845 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(2%)Tj
1.4514 0 Td
(antibiotic/antimycoti)Tj
8.4698 0 Td
(c)Tj
0.6407 0 Td
(solution)Tj
-32.8533 -1.2983 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(10,000)Tj
2.8233 0 Td
(units)Tj
2.2223 0 Td
(penicillin,)Tj
4.2009 0 Td
(10)Tj
1.1735 0 Td
(mg)Tj
1.5023 0 Td
(streptomycin)Tj
5.5106 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(25)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
[()]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
(g)Tj
2.143 0 Td
(amphotericin)Tj
5.6295 0 Td
(B)Tj
0.7994 0 Td
(per)Tj
1.5307 0 Td
(ml)Tj
1.2869 0 Td
(\(Sigma-)Tj
-32.5471 -1.3039 Td
(Aldrich,\).)Tj
4.0535 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(inoculated)Tj
4.422 0 Td
(cells)Tj
1.9161 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(incubated)Tj
4.1726 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9524 0 Td
(37C)Tj
2.2224 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(1)Tj
0.6916 0 Td
(hour,)Tj
2.3754 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(allow)Tj
2.33 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(virus)Tj
2.1997 0 Td
(adsorption.)Tj
-33.029 -1.2983 Td
(Maintenance)Tj
5.4595 0 Td
(medium)Tj
3.6057 0 Td
(\(MEM)Tj
2.9139 0 Td
(supplemented)Tj
5.8563 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(2%)Tj
1.457 0 Td
(FBS\))Tj
2.143 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(then)Tj
2.0182 0 Td
(added,)Tj
2.8857 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(cells)Tj
1.9219 0 Td
(were)Tj
-35.155 -1.2982 Td
(incubated)Tj
4.1783 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9524 0 Td
(37C)Tj
2.2223 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(5%)Tj
1.457 0 Td
(CO)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 319.0677 205.4551 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(2)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 324.8503 207.1559 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(incubator)Tj
4.1045 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(observed)Tj
3.7984 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(cytopathic)Tj
4.371 0 Td
(effects)Tj
2.7269 0 Td
(\(CPE\).)Tj
2.9197 0 Td
(After)Tj
2.2847 0 Td
(24)Tj
-35.8013 -1.3039 Td
(hours,)Tj
2.7383 0 Td
(80%)Tj
1.9275 0 Td
(CPE)Tj
2.0126 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(observed)Tj
3.7927 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(portion)Tj
3.2371 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(CHIKV-media)Tj
6.1795 0 Td
(suspension)Tj
4.6431 0 Td
(cell)Tj
1.559 0 Td
(suspension)Tj
-32.6605 -1.2982 Td
(was)Tj
1.6952 0 Td
(harvested,)Tj
4.2689 0 Td
(added)Tj
2.6589 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(defibrinated)Tj
5.1079 0 Td
(sheep)Tj
2.4718 0 Td
(blood)Tj
2.5115 0 Td
(\(Central)Tj
3.549 0 Td
(Veterinary)Tj
4.507 0 Td
(Laboratories)Tj
5.2384 0 Td
(Kabete,)Tj
-33.0347 -1.2983 Td
(Kenya\))Tj
3.0955 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(used)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(without)Tj
3.3335 0 Td
(freezing)Tj
3.4185 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(produce)Tj
3.515 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(infectious)Tj
4.1329 0 Td
(blood)Tj
2.5171 0 Td
(meal)Tj
2.143 0 Td
(used)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(expose)Tj
2.9196 0 Td
(mosqui-)Tj
-34.1742 -1.3039 Td
(toes)Tj
1.8085 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(CHIKV.)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 126.0283 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Vector)Tj
3.0803 0 Td
(competence)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
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7.0583 0 Td
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