Naja nigricincta nigricincta venom, a murine model. Evaluation of skeletal and cardio-myonecrosis, kidney injury and inflammatory response along with neutralisation efficacy by the SAIMR/SAVP - And EchiTAb-Plus-ICP polyvalent antivenoms

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dc.contributor.author Saaiman Engelbrecht, Esta L.
dc.contributor.author Naidoo, Vinny
dc.contributor.author Botha, C.J. (Christoffel Jacobus)
dc.date.accessioned 2024-12-02T13:08:46Z
dc.date.available 2024-12-02T13:08:46Z
dc.date.issued 2024-05
dc.description DATA AVAILABILITY : No data was used for the research described in the article. en_US
dc.description.abstract African spitting cobra, Naja nigricincta nigricincta (Zebra snake), envenomation is an important cause of snakebite morbidity and mortality in Namibia. The snake is endemic to central and northern Namibia as well as southern Angola. The venom is mainly cytotoxic, resulting in aggressive dermo-necrosis and often accompanied by severe systemic complications. No specific antivenom exists. Rhabdomyolysis, systemic inflammatory response, haemostatic abnormalities, infective necrotising fasciitis as well as acute kidney failure have been documented. Based on murine models, this study assessed SAVP/SAIMR - and EchiTAb-Plus-ICP polyvalent antivenom neutralisation as well as subdermal necrosis. Additional muscle, cardiac, kidney and lung histology, creatine kinase measurements and post-mortems were performed. An intravenous median lethal dose (LD50) of Naja nigricincta nigricincta venom was determined at 18.4 (CI: 16.3; 20.52) μg and a subdermal lethal dose at 15.3(CI: 12.96; 17.74)μg. The SAIMR/SAVP polyvalent antivenom median effective dose (ED50) was 1.2 ml antivenom/1 mg venom equating to a potency (WHO) of 1 ml antivenom neutralising 0.63 mg venom and approximately 240 ml (24 vials) needed for initial treatment. The ED50 of the EchiTAb-Plus-ICP was 1 ml antivenom/1 mg venom and a potency of 65 mg venom/ml antivenom (3.3 x LD50), estimating 230 ml (23 vials) for treatment. Histology and serology (creatine kinase) evidenced venom induced skeletal myotoxicity, which was not prevented by the antivenoms tested. Cardiac myonecrosis, an inflammatory response, direct venom kidney tubular necrosis and cardio-pulmonary failure were documented. en_US
dc.description.department Paraclinical Sciences en_US
dc.description.librarian am2024 en_US
dc.description.sdg SDG-03:Good heatlh and well-being en_US
dc.description.sponsorship This was a PhD study and was partly funded by the Lady Pohamba Private Hospital, Windhoek, Namibia. en_US
dc.description.uri https://www.elsevier.com/locate/toxicon en_US
dc.identifier.citation Engelbrecht, E.I.S., Naidoo, V., Botha, C.J. 2024, 'Naja nigricincta nigricincta venom, a murine model. Evaluation of skeletal and cardio-myonecrosis, kidney injury and inflammatory response along with neutralisation efficacy by the SAIMR/SAVP - And EchiTAb-Plus-ICP polyvalent antivenoms', Toxicon, 243, no. 107719, pp. 1-10. https://DOI.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107719. en_US
dc.identifier.issn 0440-0101 (print)
dc.identifier.issn 1879-3150 (online)
dc.identifier.other 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107719
dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/2263/99707
dc.language.iso en en_US
dc.publisher Elsevier en_US
dc.rights © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license. en_US
dc.subject Naja nigricincta nigricincta en_US
dc.subject SAVP /SAIMR polyvalent antivenom en_US
dc.subject EchiTAb-plus-ICP polyvalent antivenom en_US
dc.subject Skeletal myotoxicity en_US
dc.subject Cardiac myonecrosis en_US
dc.subject Inflammatory response en_US
dc.subject Kidney tubular necrosis en_US
dc.subject Zebra snake (Naja nigricincta nigricincta) en_US
dc.subject African spitting cobra en_US
dc.subject SDG-03: Good health and well-being en_US
dc.subject South African Institute for Medical Research (SAIMR) en_US
dc.subject South African Vaccine Producers (SAVP) en_US
dc.title Naja nigricincta nigricincta venom, a murine model. Evaluation of skeletal and cardio-myonecrosis, kidney injury and inflammatory response along with neutralisation efficacy by the SAIMR/SAVP - And EchiTAb-Plus-ICP polyvalent antivenoms en_US
dc.type Article en_US


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