Abstract:
Three-dimensional (3D) anatomical extraction techniques could help the forensic anthropologist in a precise
and inclusive assessment of biological phenotypes for the development of facial reconstruction methods.
In this research, the nose morphology and the underlying hard tissue of two South African populations
were studied. To this end, a 3D computer-assisted approach based on an automated landmarking workflow
was used to generate relevant 3D anatomical components, and shape discrepancies were investigated
using a data set of 200 cone-beam computer tomography (CBCT) scans. The anatomical landmarks were
placed on the external nose and the mid-facial skeleton (the nasal bones, the anterior nasal aperture,
the zygoma, and the maxilla). Shape differences related to population affinity, sex, age, and size were
statistically evaluated and visualised using geometric morphometric methods. Population affinity, sexual
dimorphism, age, and size affect the nasal complex morphology. Shape variation in the mid-facial region
was significantly influenced by population affinity, emphasising that shape variability was specific to
the two population groups, along with the expression of sexual dimorphism and the effect of ageing. In
addition, nasal complex shape and correlations vary greatly between white and black South Africans,
highlighting a need for reliable population-specific 3D statistical nose prediction algorithms.
SIGNIFICANCE :
• 3D anatomical structures were acquired and extracted from 200 CBCT scans of modern South Africans.
• Geometric morphometric methods were applied.
• Soft- and hard-tissue nasal complex morphology vary across South African groups.
