Abstract:
Heartwater, one of the major tick-borne diseases of some domestic and wild ruminants in
Africa, is caused by Ehrlichia ruminantium. The genetic diversity of E. ruminantium isolates
renders the available vaccine ineffective against certain virulent isolates. To better
understand the E. ruminantium genotypes in South Africa, a total of 1004 Amblyomma
hebraeum tick deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) samples from cattle in three South African
provinces were tested by pCS20 Sol1 real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and
characterised by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) using five housekeeping genes. Out
of 1004 samples tested, 222 (22%) were positive for E. ruminantium. The occurrence of E.
ruminantium in Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal and Limpopo provinces was 19%, 22% and
27%, respectively. The E. ruminantium positive samples were screened for housekeeping
genes and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed three main lineages: clade 1 made up
of worldwide isolates (eastern, southern Africa, and Caribbean isolates), clade 2 comprised
only West African isolates and clade 3 consisted of Omatjenne, Kümm2 and Riverside.
Some study sample sequences were not identical to any of the reference isolates. However,
they could all be grouped into the worldwide clade. Genetic variation in the sequenced
regions was observed in the form of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Using
MLST to characterise E. ruminantium field isolates allowed the South African genotypes to
be clearly distinguished from the distinct West African isolates.
CONTRIBUTION : Characterisation of E. ruminantium field isolates is important for the control of
heartwater and contributes to preliminary knowledge required for the development of a more
practical vaccine against heartwater.
