A description of the profile of paediatric brain tumours in a tertiary neurosurgery service

Abstract

Background Central nervous system (CNS) tumours are the most common form of solid tumours in children, leading to significant mortality and morbidity. In developing countries, survival rates for children with CNS tumours are lower than in developed nations. In South Africa, brain tumours account for 13% of paediatric cancers, yet local epidemiological data is scarce. No regional data exists for Steve Biko Academic Hospital in South Africa. Aim and Objectives This study aimed to describe the profile of paediatric brain tumours at Steve Biko Academic Hospital by examining patient demographics, histopathology, and imaging data. Methods This retrospective study reviewed medical records from the neurosurgery department at Steve Biko Academic Hospital. Data on patient demographics, tumour histopathology, and imaging from January 2019 to June 2023 were analysed to compile a comprehensive tumour profile. Results The study included 52 patients, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.74:1 and a mean age of 6.8 years. The highest tumour prevalence was in the 3–8-year age group. Infratentorial tumours were the most common. In descending order, the most prevalent tumour types were mixed glioma, medulloblastoma, astrocytoma, and ependymoma. Discussion The male predominance aligns with existing studies, potentially due to sex differences in brain development. The high incidence of infratentorial tumours may be linked to genetic susceptibility and rapid cell proliferation in this region. The common tumour types in this study all originate from highly prolific cells, contributing to an elevated risk of tumorigenesis.

Conclusion The findings in this study, such as mean age, tumour location, and tumour prevalence, corroborate similar studies from Westernised countries. Understanding the epidemiology of paediatric brain tumours is vital for improving diagnosis, treatment, and healthcare policies. Regional data is essential for enhancing medical knowledge and improving patient outcomes. Keywords: Paediatric brain tumours, malignancy, cancer, supratentorial, infratentorial, posterior fossa glioma, medulloblastoma.