Abstract:
In a small number of publications, Frederick (‘Fred’) W. Keene has proposed
a new understanding of how forgiveness works in the New Testament; his
work is currently being received in both New Testament studies and related
disciplines, in particular also in practical and systematic theological studies,
in which it is often referred to as a standard (or at least eminently viable)
opinion. His work and his thesis concerning forgiveness have, therefore, a
considerable impact and should accordingly be taken seriously as an exegetical
conversation partner, which, so far, has hardly been done. The core of his
thesis is that forgiveness is only possible in a hierarchical relationship. This
contribution introduces Keene’s central thesis, considers its substantiation
and then analyses it in the sense of a critical evaluation, focusing on aspects,
which have to do with (a) grammar and linguistics; (b) the linguistic creation
of egalitarian relationships; (c) the intersectionality of intra-human hierarchies;
(d) the role of martyrs in relation to forgiveness. In discussing these,
incidental alternatives to Keene’s exegetical choices will be offered. This
approach also means that this contribution cannot do justice to the full scope
of topics and themes associated with ‘forgiveness’ in the New Testament, but
will remain focused on Keene’s work, although the conclusions move beyond
it as they also present the insights gained with regard to forgiveness in early Christianity through a critical interaction with Keene’s work and the texts that
he appeals to.
