Males, older age, increased training, chronic diseases, allergies, and history of injury are independent risk factors associated with a history of exercise-associated muscle cramping in distance runners in 76 654 race entrants - SAFER XXIX

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dc.contributor.author De Jager, Izaan
dc.contributor.author Schwellnus, Martin Peter
dc.contributor.author Sewry, Nicola Ann
dc.contributor.author Viljoen, Carel Thomas
dc.contributor.author Korkie, Elzette
dc.contributor.author Swanevelder, Sonja
dc.contributor.author Jordaan, Esme
dc.date.accessioned 2024-04-10T08:55:11Z
dc.date.issued 2023-09
dc.description.abstract OBJECTIVE : To determine independent risk factors associated with a history of exercise-associated muscle cramps (hEAMCs) in distance runner race entrants in a community-based mass participation event. DESIGN : Cross-sectional study. SETTING : 2012 to 2015, Two Oceans marathon races (21.1 and 56 km), South Africa. PARTICIPANTS : Seventy six thousand six hundred fifty-four consenting race entrants. ASSESSMENT OF RISK FACTORS : Entrants completed an online prerace medical screening questionnaire as part of the entry process. In a multiple model, sex, age, training variables, history of chronic disease, allergies, and running injuries were included as potential factors associated with hEAMC in 21.1 and 56 km entrants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES : Prevalence (%) and prevalence ratios (PRs, 95% confidence intervals) are reported. RESULTS : Men (P < 0.0001) and older age (>40 years, P < 0.0001) were significantly associated with hEAMC. Therefore, the model was adjusted for sex and age group and run separately for 21.1- and 56-km entrants. Specific independent risk factors associated with hEAMC in 21.1- and 56-km entrants were: a history of chronic diseases (21.1 km: PR = 1.9; 56 km: PR = 1.6; P < 0.0001), running injury in the last 12 months (21.1 km: PR = 1.7; 56 km: PR = 1.4; P < 0.0001), history of allergies (21.1 km: PR = 1.4; 56 km: PR = 1.2; P < 0.0001), and various training variables (PR = 1.0-1.1). CONCLUSION : In 21.1- and 56-km race entrants, independent risk factors associated with hEAMC were men, older age, longer race distances, training variables, chronic diseases, history of allergies, and history of a running injury in the past 12 months. en_US
dc.description.department Physiology en_US
dc.description.department Physiotherapy en_US
dc.description.department Sports Medicine en_US
dc.description.embargo 2024-09-01
dc.description.librarian hj2024 en_US
dc.description.sdg SDG-03:Good heatlh and well-being en_US
dc.description.sponsorship IOC Research Center of South Africa and South African Medical Research Council (partial funding). en_US
dc.description.uri http://www.cjsportmed.com en_US
dc.identifier.citation De Jager, I., Schwellnus, M., Sewry, N., Viljoen, C., Korkie, E., Swanevelder, S. & Jordaan, E. Males, Older Age, Increased Training, Chronic Diseases, Allergies, and History of Injury Are Independent Risk Factors Associated With a History of Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramping in Distance Runners in 76 654 Race Entrants – SAFER XXIX. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 33(5):p 521-526, September 2023. DOI: 10.1097/JSM.0000000000001105. en_US
dc.identifier.issn 1050-642X (print)
dc.identifier.issn 1536-3724 (online)
dc.identifier.other 10.1097/JSM.0000000000001105
dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/2263/95464
dc.language.iso en en_US
dc.publisher Lippincott Williams and Wilkins en_US
dc.rights © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved. This is a non-final version of an article published in final form in Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 521-526, September 2023. DOI: 10.1097/JSM.0000000000001105. en_US
dc.subject History of exercise-associated muscle cramps (hEAMCs) en_US
dc.subject Muscle cramps en_US
dc.subject Distance runners en_US
dc.subject Risk markers en_US
dc.subject Epidemiology en_US
dc.subject Strategies to reduce adverse medical events for the exerciser study en_US
dc.subject Clinical characteristics en_US
dc.subject SDG-03: Good health and well-being en_US
dc.subject Exercise-associated muscle cramping (EAMC) en_US
dc.title Males, older age, increased training, chronic diseases, allergies, and history of injury are independent risk factors associated with a history of exercise-associated muscle cramping in distance runners in 76 654 race entrants - SAFER XXIX en_US
dc.type Postprint Article en_US


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