Abstract:
BACKGROUND : Q fever and toxoplasmosis are economically important zoonoses as they cause considerable losses
in livestock (cattle, sheep and goats) and wildlife (antelopes, giraffes, lions, and cheetahs) through reproductive
disorders such as abortions and stillbirths. Q fever and toxoplasmosis testing in South Africa is conducted by the Agricultural
Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research (ARC-OVR). However, both zoonoses are understudied
and not monitored in South Africa as they are not considered controlled or notifiable diseases in the Animal Disease
Act 35 of 1984. A retrospective study was conducted on Q fever (2007–2009) and toxoplasmosis (2007–2017)
using diagnostic laboratory data at the ARC-OVR. Also, we report on sporadic abortion and stillbirth cases in livestock
from diagnostic tissue samples submitted for Coxiella burnetii polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection
at the ARC-OVR.
RESULTS : During 2007 to 2009, 766 animal samples were tested for C. burnetii antibodies and seropositivity was 0.9%
(95%CI: 0.3–1.7) with sheep (1.9%; 95%CI: 0.6–4.4) having the highest seropositivity followed by cattle (0.7%; 95%CI:
0.09–2.6), while all goats (0.0%; 95%CI: 0.0–4.2) and wildlife (0.0%; 95%CI: 0.0–2.5) tested were negative. From 2007
to 2017, 567 sera were tested for T. gondii antibodies; overall seropositivity was 12.2% (95%CI: 9.6–15). Wildlife had
highest seropositivity to T. gondii antibodies (13.9%; 95%CI: 9.0–19.7) followed by goats (12.9%; 95%CI: 9.2–17.4)
and sheep (12.3%; 95%CI: 5.1–23.8) while seropositivity in cattle was 2.4% (95%CI: 0.06–12.9). Of 11 animals tested
by C. burnetii PCR detection (2021–2022), 10 (91.0%) were positive. The amplicon sequences showed similarity to Coxiella
burnetii strain 54T1 transposase gene partial coding sequence.
CONCLUSIONS : We have confirmed the occurrence of the causative agents of Q fever and toxoplasmosis in livestock
and wildlife in South Africa, with data limitations. These zoonoses remain of importance with limited information
about them in South Africa. This study provides baseline information for future studies on Q fever and toxoplasmosis
in South African livestock and wildlife, as well other African countries. Due to limited data collection experienced
in this study, it is recommended that improvements in data collection samples tested should include associated factors
such as sex, age, and breed of the animals.
