Aluminium-assisted alloying of carbon steel in submerged arc welding with Al-Cr-Ni unconstrained metal powders : thermodynamic interpretation of gas reactions

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dc.contributor.author Coetsee, Theresa
dc.contributor.author De Bruin, Frederik
dc.date.accessioned 2023-10-12T08:04:01Z
dc.date.available 2023-10-12T08:04:01Z
dc.date.issued 2022-11-02
dc.description DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT : The datasets presented in this study are available upon reasonable request to the corresponding author, indicated on the first page. en_US
dc.description.abstract Unconstrained metal powders of chromium and nickel, in combination with aluminium, were used in the submerged arc welding (SAW) process to simplify weld metal alloying. Unconstrained metal powders refer to non-alloyed metal powders that are not constrained in tubular wire, such as fluxed-cored and metal-cored wire. Aluminium powder is used to control the oxygen potential at the molten flux–weld pool interface. The results presented here show that the addition of aluminium powder to the weld metal enhances Cr and Ni yields to 89% for Cr and 91% for Ni, compared to lower values reported in pre-alloyed powder application. Alloying of the carbon steel in the base plate and weld wire combination was achieved at 6.0% Cr, 6.2% Ni, and 4.5% Al, with the weld metal oxygen controlled to 162 ppm O. Thermodynamic analysis was applied to investigate the likely gas reactions in the arc cavity emanating from the chemical interaction between Cr, Ni, and Al. The effects of gas-based chemical reactions on the yield of Cr and Ni to the weld pool are discussed and incorporated into our SAW reaction flow diagram. Overall SAW process productivity gains can be accomplished by using unconstrained metal powders to alloy the weld metal because expensive and time consuming steps, such as the manufacturing of alloyed wire and alloyed powder, can now be eliminated. en_US
dc.description.department Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering en_US
dc.description.librarian am2023 en_US
dc.description.sponsorship The National Research Foundation of South Africa. en_US
dc.description.uri https://www.mdpi.com/journal/processes en_US
dc.identifier.citation Coetsee, T.; De Bruin, F. Aluminium-Assisted Alloying of Carbon Steel in Submerged Arc Welding with Al-Cr-Ni Unconstrained Metal Powders: Thermodynamic Interpretation of Gas Reactions. Processes 2022, 10, 2265. https://DOI.org/10.3390/pr10112265. en_US
dc.identifier.issn 2227-9717 (online)
dc.identifier.other 10.3390/pr10112265
dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/2263/92860
dc.language.iso en en_US
dc.publisher MDPI en_US
dc.rights © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license. en_US
dc.subject Pyrometallurgy en_US
dc.subject Powder en_US
dc.subject Nickel en_US
dc.subject Chromium en_US
dc.subject Oxygen control en_US
dc.subject Aluminium en_US
dc.subject Welding en_US
dc.subject Submerged arc welding (SAW) en_US
dc.title Aluminium-assisted alloying of carbon steel in submerged arc welding with Al-Cr-Ni unconstrained metal powders : thermodynamic interpretation of gas reactions en_US
dc.type Article en_US


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