Abstract:
The concept of ego has various meanings in the field of psychology, depending on
the paradigmatic and theoretical framework point of departure. The ego phenomenon
as operationalized and measured in the theoretical framework of goal orientation will
be the contextual framework for a historical conceptual analysis. In the past three
decades, research in the theoretical framework of goal orientation has revealed a
positive relationship between ego involvement and the tendency to use the prohibited
substances to enhance performance in sport. The concept of the ego phenomenon as
operationalized within goal orientation theory and meanings attached to the concept
can be connected to the historic oriental writings that were written 2,500 years
ago. These attached meanings to the ego phenomenon include elements of extreme
competitiveness and outcome orientation, as well as social comparisons and the external
norms for the measurement of success and failure. These meanings can be traced back
to the classical works involving the Bhagavad Gita, the Tao Te Ching, and the Eastern
Origins ofMindfulness that are part of the broader Buddhist philosophical system.Meister
Eckhart, a 12th century German theologian, in his significant contribution on the analysis
of the having mode as opposed to the being mode also provides insight into the ego
phenomenon that can explain why the ego phenomenon can be linked to some of the
deeper psychological motives of using the prohibited substances. The researchers in
psychology do not yet have a full understanding of why certain athletes dope or have a
susceptibility to use the prohibited substances or performance enhancing drugs (PEDs)
and thus the motivation for this historical conceptual analysis of the ego phenomenon.
Therefore, this article aimed to deepen the understanding of psychological motives of the athletes who exhibit tendencies toward cheating in general and the proclivity to use
the prohibited substances.
