Availability of youth leadership, development and empowerment programmes for children and youth who are vulnerable including those with disabilities : a scoping review

Abstract

Background: According to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child Article (UNCRC) 12, all youth have the right to participate in all aspects of their lives. In order to realise this human right, it is essential to represent the voices and opinions of youth during all decision-making processes. Youth who are vulnerable and/or with disabilities, however, experience hardships that can hinder their ability to participate in all aspects of their lives. When nurtured and supported within an enriching environment, youth who are vulnerable can act as a powerful resource for communities in their innate ability to lead others. There is thus a need for the development and implementation of youth programmes that mitigate risk, enhance positive development and facilitate the development of leadership skills in youth who are vulnerable and/or youth with disabilities. Aims: To identify youth leadership, development and empowerment programmes that are applicable for youth who are vulnerable and/or youth with disabilities. Methods: A multi-faceted search strategy was used to identify studies that met the inclusion criteria. The studies were screened against the selection criteria which led to the inclusion of 76 studies and 78 programmes. Data were extracted and analysed according to youth characteristics, the process of programme development, the manner of stakeholder involvement, programme adaptations, evaluation measures, and outcomes. Results: This review indicated the availability of programmes that provide children and youth with the skills and opportunities necessary to enhance their participation and overall development. Challenges in the adaptation of programmes for youth of different ages and genders, and a lack of community involvement in the programmes are identified. Conclusions: The importance of youth programmes in the empowerment of youth who are vulnerable and/or youth with disabilities is thus evident. Youth programmes that cater to the unique needs of youth who are vulnerable are required to facilitate participation and positive development.