dc.contributor.author |
Empresa Brasileira de Planejamento de Transportes
|
|
dc.contributor.author |
Brazilian Transportation Planning Agency
|
|
dc.contributor.author |
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
|
|
dc.contributor.author |
Texas Research and Development Foundation
|
|
dc.contributor.author |
GEIPOT
|
|
dc.contributor.author |
DNER
|
|
dc.contributor.author |
Brazil. Departamento Nacional de Estradas de Rodagem
|
|
dc.contributor.author |
United Nations Development Programme
|
|
dc.contributor.author |
UNDP
|
|
dc.contributor.author |
Goiás (Brazil : State). Departamento de Estradas de Rodagem
|
|
dc.contributor.author |
DER-GO
|
|
dc.contributor.author |
Minas Gerais (Brazil). Departamento de Estradas de Rodagem
|
|
dc.contributor.author |
DERMG
|
|
dc.contributor.author |
World Bank
|
|
dc.contributor.author |
IBRD
|
|
dc.contributor.author |
TRDF
|
|
dc.date.accessioned |
2015-11-25T07:15:47Z |
|
dc.date.available |
2015-11-25T07:15:47Z |
|
dc.date.issued |
1981 |
|
dc.description |
Spine of report binding cut and pages scanned on flatbed EPSON Expression 10000 XL; 400dpi; text/lineart - black and white - stored to Tiff Derivation: Abbyy Fine Reader v.9 work with PNG-format (black and white); Photoshop CS3; Adobe Acrobat v.9 Web display format |
en_ZA |
dc.description.abstract |
This Volume records the activities of the PICR User Cost Surveys
Group which conducted a large vehicle operating cost survey in
Central, Western and Southern Brazil during the period 1975 to 1981.
The Group was responsible for the collection and analysis of vehicle
maintenance parts and labor costs, tire costs, depreciation and interest
charges, and drivers' salaries. In addition, fuel consumption and
speed data were collected, the latter when easily available, to serve
as consistency checks on the equations derived from experimental data.
The Group was also responsible for collecting data on surface roughness, as well as vertical and horizontal geometry characteristics of
the routes of those operators registered in the survey.
The primary data collection phase ran from 1975 to 1979. and
26 staff members were employed , comprising 14 field workers , 8 clerical
assistants and 4 supervisors. More than two years was spent in developing
and testing appropriate methodologies, documentation and data
p.rocessing systems for the collection, checking, .storage and analysis
of both operating cost and highway characteristic data. Contact was
made with over 300 companies and more than 2500 vehicles were regis
tered for survey membership. Operating cost data were then collected
on_ a regular basis from company records. Many difficulties had to be
overcome during this period. A number of companies only had records of
a few cost components and, where possible, assistance was givento provide
the necessary documentation and training to collect missing items.
Some companies dropped out of the survey and data collection in others
was discontinued because the route characteristics of their vehicles
were found to be redundant to the needs of the PICR. Finally, data on
over 1600 vehicles derived from 132 companies were available in
for preliminary analysis.
1979
Highway characteristics were collected using two specially
instrumented vehicles. Roughness was measured with a Maysmeter and calibration
maintained through a GM Profilometer and Quarter-Car~Simulator
which generated a se~ies of profile~ for a calibration course of
highway sections established near Brasflia. Vertical geometry w~s measured
using a linear accelerometer connected to a panel scale capable
of recording grade changes + of - 1% + to - 12%. Horizontal measurements
were taken from a standard aircraft directional gyro compass, mounted in the survey vehicles. Over 85,000 km of roughness and geometry data
were collected after measuring more than 36,000 km of operators' routes.
After .editing, these data had then to be combined with the vehicle operating
cost data so that a single file comprising both dependent and independent
variables could be made available for analy~is.
The second PICR Phase covered the period 1980 to 1981. The
staff was reduced to 5, who were principally engaged in conducting more
detailed analyses. The statistical methods employed were rationalized
into distinct groups of techniques and advanced econometric procedures
employed. An important technique which provided a number of the equations
reported herein was the generalized least squares estimation of
the error ~omponent model. The latter considers. the company specific
error term and the vehicle specific error term which jointly form the
components of the unknown random error term consider~d by ordinary
least squares techniques. This is one of the first reported application
of error components analysis in the field of transportation stu -
dies. All the different techniques are detailed in the analysis pro -
cedures section of this Volume. The analyst was able to run a selec -
tion of these techniques simultaneously on any data set. This made
comp~rison of the results and the choice of recommended equations an
easier task.
Vehicle operating cost information presented for analysis cover
the full range of vehicles operating on Brazilian highways. These
are grouped into cars_. utility vehicles, buses, medium trucks and heavy
articulated vehicles for analysis purposes. The results of the anal -
yses of fuel consumption, oil and grease consumption, maintenance parts
and labor, tire consumption, depreciation and interest charges and vehicle
speed are presented. All five vehicles classes are used in the
analyses except for speed which is restricted to cars and buses, and
tire costs which are analysed by tire size. The equations recommended
in this Volume concentrate on estimating roughness, vehicle age, vehicle
characteristics (where appropriate) and geometry effects only when
these appear unambiguous. A substantial amount of time was spent estimating
the effect of geometry on the various operating cost items and
details on the progress made are given in both main text and selected
appendices. It is clear that more time is needed to resolve th~ issue.
Further small analyses, .together with the findings of the operating cost
study in India, presently being analysed, may result in the emergence
of a more coherent pattern of the geometry effect on user costs. The PICR User Survey data are the most comprehensive collec~
ed to date and are important both to Brazil, where out-of-date cost
tables are widely used and the international research community~ where
they .complement the Kenya. Caribbean and India studies. The PICR survey
data covers a spectrum of vehicle types and appears to be the only
study with a full range of truck classes. The data have now passed
through several phases of analysis and the results presented in this
Volume. together with the relevant technical memoranda, can be regarded
as an interim final form. They are now ready for extensive evaluation
in a variety of economic exercises. When they have passed these tests
they can be viewed as being in final form for the period ending December
31, 1981.
Comparistins are made between total operating costs predict -
ed from the various equations recommended in this Volume and prevail -
ing transport service rates and tariffs. The results are encouraring
and give confidence to the view that the recommended equations will
provide better predictions of vehicle operating costs than anything currently
used in Brazil. It is recommended that a user cost manual be
prepared to allow the results of the PICR survey to be widely disseminated. |
en_ZA |
dc.description.librarian |
tm2015 |
en_ZA |
dc.description.sponsorship |
Sponsored by: Empresa Brasileira de Planejamento de Transportes, United Nations Development Programme, Instituto de Planejamento Econômico e Social (Brazil) and Secretaria de Cooperação Econômica e Técnica Internacional (Brazil) |
en_ZA |
dc.format.extent |
ix, 253 p. : ill. |
en_ZA |
dc.format.medium |
PDF |
en_ZA |
dc.identifier.uri |
http://hdl.handle.net/2263/50608 |
|
dc.language.iso |
en |
en_ZA |
dc.publisher |
Empresa Brasileira de Planejamento de Transportes ; United Nations Development Programe |
|
dc.relation.ispartofseries |
ICR research, vol 5, 1981 |
en_ZA |
dc.relation.ispartofseries |
Research on the interrelationships between costs of highway construction, maintenance and utilization. Final report, vol 5, 1981 |
en_ZA |
dc.rights |
University of Pretoria |
en_ZA |
dc.subject |
Road construction design building highway highways |
en_ZA |
dc.subject.ddc |
625.70981 |
|
dc.subject.lcsh |
Roads -- Brazil -- Design and construction |
|
dc.title |
Final report. Volume 5, Research on the Interrelationships Between Costs of Highway Construction, Maintenance and Utilization |
en_ZA |
dc.type |
Book |
en_ZA |