An exploratory study of the relationship between deliberate self-harm and symptoms of depression and anxiety among a South African university population

Abstract

This cross-sectional, exploratory study aimed to determine the prevalence and characteristics of self-harming behaviours among a sample of South African university students (N = 603), as well as the relationship between deliberate self-harm (DSH) and symptoms of depression and anxiety. A battery of instruments, including the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI) was administered to participants. Data were analysed by means of descriptive statistics, Chi Square tests, t-tests, and logistic regression analyses. The findings suggest high rates of DSH among the sample (46% lifetime prevalence; 36% 12-month prevalence). No significant gender differences were found in the rates of DSH. Participants from the combined Asian and Coloured racial group reported significantly higher rates of DSH than both White and Black participants. Participants aged 20-21 were significantly more likely to report DSH than those in other age groups. Overall, depression scores in the sample fell within the normal range (M = 15.79), while anxiety scores were found to be exceptionally high (state anxiety: M = 46.56; trait anxiety: M = 48.72). The findings suggest that participants with elevated levels of depression are significantly more likely to report DSH. A significant, negative relationship was found between DSH and state anxiety, while a positive yet insignificant relationship was found between DSH and trait anxiety. The findings of this exploratory study partially support the findings of international research investigating the relationship between DSH and depression and anxiety, but warrant further exploration in order to better understand the complexities of these relationships, particularly in the South African context.