Butorphanol with oxygen insufflation corrects etorphine-induced hypoxaemia in chemically immobilized white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum)

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dc.contributor.author Haw, Anna
dc.contributor.author Hofmeyr, Markus
dc.contributor.author Fuller, Andrea
dc.contributor.author Buss, Peter Erik
dc.contributor.author Miller, Michele
dc.contributor.author Fleming, Gregory
dc.contributor.author Meyer, Leith Carl Rodney
dc.date.accessioned 2015-02-20T06:55:10Z
dc.date.available 2015-02-20T06:55:10Z
dc.date.issued 2014-10
dc.description.abstract BACKGROUND : Opioid-induced immobilization is associated with severe respiratory depression in the white rhinoceros. We evaluated the efficacy of butorphanol and oxygen insufflation in alleviating opioid-induced respiratory depression in eight boma-managed rhinoceros. RESULTS : Chemical immobilization with etorphine, azaperone and hyaluronidase, as per standard procedure for the white rhinoceros, caused severe respiratory depression with hypoxaemia (PaO2 = 27 ± 7 mmHg [mean ± SD]), hypercapnia (PaCO2 = 82 ± 6 mmHg) and acidosis (pH =7.26 ± 0.02) in the control trial at 5 min. Compared to pre-intervention values, butorphanol administration (without oxygen) improved the PaO2 (60 ± 3 mmHg, F(3,21) =151.9, p <0.001), PaCO2 (67 ± 4 mmHg, F(3,21) =22.57, p <0.001) and pH (7.31 ± 0.06, F(3,21) =27.60, p <0.001), while oxygen insufflation alone exacerbated the hypercapnia (123 ± 20 mmHg, F(3,21) =50.13, p <0.001) and acidosis (7.12 ± 0.07, F(3,21) =110.6, p <0.001). Surprisingly, butorphanol combined with oxygen fully corrected the opioid-induced hypoxaemia (PaO2 = 155 ± 53 mmHg) and reduced the hypercapnia over the whole immobilization period (p <0.05, areas under the curves) compared to the control trial. However, this intervention (butorphanol + oxygen) did not have any effect on the arterial pH. CONCLUSIONS : Oxygen insufflation combined with a single intravenous dose of butorphanol improved the immobilization quality of boma-managed white rhinoceros by correcting the opioid-induced hypoxaemia, but did not completely reverse all components of respiratory depression. The efficacy of this intervention in reducing respiratory depression in field-captured animals remains to be determined. en_ZA
dc.description.librarian hb2015 en_ZA
dc.description.sponsorship South African National Research Foundation, the International Rhino Foundation, Disney’s Animal Programs and Environmental Initiatives, SANParks, the South African Veterinary Association’s Wildlife Group and the University of the Witwatersrand. en_ZA
dc.description.uri http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcvetres en_ZA
dc.identifier.citation Haw, A, Hofmeyr, M Fuller, A, Buss, P, Miller, M, Fleming, G & Meyer, L 2014, 'Butorphanol with oxygen insufflation corrects etorphine-induced hypoxaemia in chemically immobilized white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum)', BMC Veterinary Research, vol. 10, no. 253, pp. 1-9. en_ZA
dc.identifier.issn 1746-6148 (print)
dc.identifier.other 10.1186/s12917-014-0253-0
dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/2263/43736
dc.language.iso en en_ZA
dc.publisher BioMed Central en_ZA
dc.rights © 2014 Haw et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). en_ZA
dc.subject Anaesthesia en_ZA
dc.subject Hypoxia en_ZA
dc.subject Hypercapnia en_ZA
dc.subject Acidaemia en_ZA
dc.subject Blood gases en_ZA
dc.subject Opioids en_ZA
dc.subject Partial-opioid antagonist en_ZA
dc.title Butorphanol with oxygen insufflation corrects etorphine-induced hypoxaemia in chemically immobilized white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) en_ZA
dc.type Article en_ZA


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